Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gufata tekinike atanga ibisubizo byiza? Kuzirika kwa CNC cyangwa gufata amajwi? Iki kibazo kigabanya abakora na injeniyeri kimwe. Uburyo bwombi ni ngombwa mugukora ibikorwa bigezweho, ariko niyihe igaragara? Muri iyi nyandiko, uzamenya itandukaniro ryingenzi, inyungu, hamwe nibisubizo bya CNC no mu gitabo. Tuzagufasha guhitamo tekinike ikwiranye nibyo ukeneye.
Kuzirika kwa CNC ni iki?
CNC, ngufi kuri mudasobwa kugenzura imibare, ni igezweho inzira yo kuvuza . Ikora igenzura ibikoresho byimashini binyuze muri porogaramu ya mudasobwa.
Imashini za CNC zihindura inganda, zifasha umusaruro wibice bigoye hamwe nubusobanuro butagereranywa no guhuzagurika. Gutanga tekinoroji ya CNC muri 1940 na 50 biranga intambwe ikomeye.
Ibice by'ingenzi by'imashini ya CNC birimo:
Umugenzuzi, ibyo bishyira mubikorwa amategeko yatanzwe
Spindles nibikoresho byo kugabanya ibikoresho
Axis itwara neza kugirango ikomeze
Sensor yo gukurikirana ibipimo bya Masthing
Uburyo CNC ikora imirimo
Gahunda ya CNC itangirana no gukora icyitegererezo cya digitale ukoresheje porogaramu (igishushanyo mbonera cya mudasobwa). Iyi moderi noneho ihinduka muri G-Kode ukoresheje ibikoresho (Gukora bya mudasobwa) ibikoresho).
Dore intambwe yintambwe ireba kuri CNC imashini:
Fata gahunda ya G-Kode muri CNC umugenzuzi
Shiraho ibikorwa byo gukora no gukata ibikoresho kuri mashini
Kora gahunda, iyobora ingendo yibikoresho no gukata ibipimo
Imashini ihita urusyo, irahindukira, cyangwa gusya igice nka progaramu
Kugenzura igice cyarangiye kugirango ubwukuri n'ukuri
Automation niranga ibimenyetso bya CNC. Bimaze gutegurwa, barashobora kwiruka bafite uruhare ruto rwabantu, kugenzura ibisubizo bihamye mu mirimo ikora.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwimashini za CNC ikoreshwa mubisobanuro bitandukanye:
| Ubwoko bwimashini | Ibisobanuro |
| Urusyo rwa CNC | Ikoreshwa mugukora ibiranga nkibibanza, imifuka, hamwe nibihuha kumurimo uhagaze |
| Cnc lathes | Ikoreshwa mugukora ibice bya silindrike cyangwa bifitanye isano no guhindukira no kurambirana ibikorwa |
| Imashini za EDM | Ikoreshwa mugushushanya ibikoresho bikomeye cyangwa bine ukoresheje induru yamashanyarazi |
Imashini ikoresha ni iki?
Imashini imashini ni inzira gakondo. Harimo uburyo bwo gushiraho no gukata ibikoresho ukoresheje ibikoresho byakorewe intoki. Ubu buhanga bwagiye mu binyejana byinshi, bugira uruhare runini mubwihindurize bwo gukora.
Ibisobanuro n'ibisobanuro
Mubitabo byamaboko, abafatamari babahanga bakoresha ubuhanga bwabo kugirango bagenzure ibikoresho byimashini. Bishingikiriza ku bumenyi bwabo, uburambe, hamwe no kwinjiza umubiri kugirango bakore ibice wifuza.
Ibigize ibyingenzi byimashini zintoki zirimo:
Spindles
Chucks
Akazi
Gukata ibikoresho
Ibi bigize bifatanya kugirango ukureho ibikoresho mukazi.
Uburyo Ibikorwa byamagambo
Imashini yiga igishushanyo mbonera cyangwa igishushanyo cyigice.
Bahitamo ibikoresho bikwiye hanyuma bagashyiraho imashini.
Umukozi wakazi ashimangiwe neza kuri mashini.
Imashini ikora ibikoresho byimashini kugirango igabanye kandi igashire ibikoresho.
Bakomeje gukurikirana inzira, gufata ibyo bikenewe.
Igice cya nyuma cyagenzuwe kugirango nukuri nukuri.
Ubwoko busanzwe bwimashini zintoki zirimo:
Lati
Urusyo
Gusya
Imashini
Buri mashini ifite ubushobozi bwihariye na porogaramu.
Umukorikori ukora lathe
Mu ntoki mu ntoki, ubuhanga n'uburambe bw'Abakoni ni ngombwa. Bagomba kugira imyumvire yimbitse:
Ibikoresho
Gukata ibikoresho
Tekinike
Ubu bumenyi bubafasha kubyara ibice byiza buri gihe.
Ibyiza bya CNC
Ubusobanuro bukabije no guhuzagurika
Imwe mu nyungu zingenzi za Imashini za CNC ni ubusobanuro butagereranywa. Igenzura ryikora ryemeza ko igice cyose cyakozwe kijyanye nibisobanuro nyabyo. Uru rwego rwukuri ni ingenzi munganda nkimyanya ya aerospace nubuvuzi bwo gukora ibikoresho.
Imashini za CNC nazo zitanga ibisubirwamo bidasanzwe. Bimaze gutegurwa, barashobora gutanga ibice bimwe bihora bituma bakora neza kumusaruro mwinshi. Uku guhuza gutandukanya itandukaniro akenshi bigaragara mubintu byateganijwe.
Umuvuduko no gukora neza
CNC imashini igabanya cyane ibihembo ugereranije nuburyo bwo gufatanya. Ibikoresho byikora bihindura, umuvuduko wihuse, kandi ufite imbaraga zabikoresho zitanga umusanzu muri iki gikorwa. Umusaruro wihuse bisobanura kwihuta inshuro kandi utezimbere kwitabira ibyifuzo byabakiriya.
Byongeye kandi, imashini za CNC zisaba imirimo mito. Umukoresha umwe ufite ubuhanga arashobora kugenzura imashini nyinshi icyarimwe. Uku kugabanya ibiciro byumurimo, hamwe nibice birenga, bituma CNC ihindura neza amahitamo aciro mubucuruzi bwinshi.
Bitandukanye
Undi Ibyiza by'imashini ya CNC ni byinshi . Izi mashini irashobora gukorana nibikoresho byinshi, harimo:
Barashobora kandi gukemura geometries bigoye nibishushanyo mbonera. Kuva kumwirondoro byoroshye wa 2d kugirango duhangane 3D ibintu byamashanyarazi, imashini za CNC zirashobora kubikora byose. Ibi bihinduka bituma bikwiranye nubunini bwa porogaramu.
Umutekano no kugabanya ikosa ryabantu
CNC imashini yongera umutekano mukazi igabanya imikoranire yabantu nimashini. Inzira zikora zikomeza abakozi kure yibikoresho byo kuzunguruka nibice byimuka. Sisitemu yo kurinda kurinda gukomeza kurengera abakozi kubyago nko kuguruka cyangwa gukonjesha.
Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga rya CNC rigabanya ibyago byo kwibeshya. Ibipimo byateguwe byemeza ko ibikoresho bikurikira inzira nyabagendwa no gukomeza ibipimo bihamye. Ubu buryo bukuraho amakosa ashobora kubaho kubera umunaniro wa Operator cyangwa udafite uburambe.
Indwara
Umusaruro wo gutanga umusaruro woroshye hamwe nimashini za CNC. Barashobora kwiruka ubudahwema, 24/7, hamwe nigihe gito cyo hasi. Ubu bushobozi butuma ubucuruzi butera umusaruro vuba kugirango buhuze ibyifuzo.
Inganda zungukirwa na CNC itandukaniro ririmo:
Mugihe ibigo bikura, barashobora kongeramo imashini nyinshi za CNC mumato yabo nta mpinduka zikomeye kubikorwa byabo cyangwa abakozi.
Ibibi bya SNC
Mugihe imashini za CNC itanga inyungu nyinshi, ntabwo zidafite ibisubizo byayo. Reka dusuzume bimwe mubibi.
Ikiguzi kinini
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye? Ishoramari ridahwitse. Imashini za CNC zirashobora kuba zihenze cyane, hamwe nibiciro biva muri mirongo itatu kugeza kumadorari ibihumbi magana.
Ugereranije, imashini zintoki zikunze gutanga umusaruro. Umuyoboro wibanze cyangwa urusyo rushobora kugura agace k'imashini ya CNC.
Ibi biciro byinshi byambere birashobora kuba inzitizi yubucuruzi buciriritse cyangwa abatangiye gusa. Ni ubwitange bukomeye mu mafaranga.
Ubuhanga nubuhanga burasabwa
Gukora imashini za CNC ntabwo ari umurimo woroshye. Bisaba abashinzwe kubahanga nabakora bumva g-code, porogaramu ya kamera, n'amahame yo kuvura.
Kwiga Porogaramu ya CNC birashobora kugorana. Nubuntu butandukanye ugereranije no gushushanya. Abakora bakeneye kumererwa neza na mudasobwa na software, ntabwo ari ibikoresho bya mashini gusa.
Kubona abakozi ba CNC babishoboye birashobora kugorana. Amasosiyete menshi ashora cyane mumahugurwa yo kubaka umuyoboro wabo.
Kubungabunga no gukemura ibibazo
Imashini za CNC ni sisitemu igoye. Bafite ibice byinshi bikeneye kubungabunga buri gihe:
Spindles
Kwikorera
Sisitemu ya Hydraulic
Igenzura
Iyo hari ibitagenda neza, ukemura ibibazo birashobora kumara igihe. Akenshi bisaba ubumenyi bwihariye nubuvuzi.
Ibiciro byo gusana birashobora kandi kuba hejuru. Gusimbuza igikoma cyangiritse cyangwa umurongo birashobora gukoreshwa byoroshye mubihumbi.
| Ibisobanuro | |
| Ikiguzi kinini | Bihenze kugura no gushiraho |
| Ubuhanga n'ubuhanga | Bisaba ubuhanga bwihariye bwo gutangiza gahunda |
| Kubungabunga | Sisitemu igoye ifite ibikenewe byinshi |
Ibyiza byo gushushanya
Ishoramari ryo hasi
Imwe mu nyungu nini yo gushushanya nigiciro cyacyo. Ku maduka mato no gutangira, gushora mubikoresho byintoki birashobora kuba amahitamo ahendutse.
Imashini zintoki zisanzwe zigura munsi ya bagenzi babo ba CNC. Umuyoboro wibanze cyangwa urusyo rushobora kugurwa mugice cyimashini ya CNC. Iki giciro cyo hasi gikaze gituma gufata ururimi rushobora kugera kubucuruzi bifite ingengo yimiterere.
Guhinduka no gukosora
Imashini yintoki itanga guhinduka cyane mugihe igeze kumishinga mito, yihariye. Izi mashini ni nziza kubice bimwe cyangwa umusaruro mugufi.
Hamwe nimashini zintoki, gushiraho no guhinduka birahari kandi byoroshye. Nta porogaramu igoye isabwa. Abapfumu barashobora kugira icyo bahindura ku isazi, bakoresheje ubuhanga bwabo nuburambe kugirango bamenyere ku kazi bari hafi.
Ihinduka rifite agaciro cyane kuri:
Prototyping
Akazi gasana
Ibice by'Ubuhinde
Ubuhanga bwo gufungura nubukorikori
Mu ntoki mu ntoki, ubuhanga bw'umukoresha ni bwo bwingenzi. Inararibonye inararibonye Zana urwego rwubukorikori. Bafite imyumvire yimbitse yibikoresho, gukata ibikoresho, nubuhanga.
Ubuhanga arashobora kongera agaciro kubicuruzwa byanyuma. Abaganga b'amakopi yubuhanga barashobora kubyara ibice hamwe nurwego rwa indeseke kandi birambuye bishobora kuba ingorabahizi zigera ku mashini za CNC.
Ingero aho imashini zifata intoki zirimo:
Nibyiza kuri prototyping hamwe nibice bito
Imashini imashini ikunze kujya guhitamo prototyping na motive. Iremerera kwihuta nigishushanyo mbonera cyo gushushanya utaba ngombwa ko usubiramo.
Inganda zikunze kwishingikiriza kuri mashini ya prototyping irimo:
Kubwinshi-bwinshi, imashini zintoco zirashobora gukora neza kuruta CNC. Bafite ibihe bigufi kandi ntibisaba urwego rumwe rwa porogaramu no kwigana.
Ibibi byo gushushanya
Mugihe imashini yintoki ifite akamaro, hariho ibibi byinshi byo gutekereza. Reka twinjire mubibazo bimwe na bimwe.
Ibisobanuro no guhuzagurika
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zo gushushanya? Kugera ku nyimba. Ndetse abanyamafatsi b'abahanga barwana no gukomeza ubusobanuro bwa Micron-buri gihe.
Ikosa ryabantu naryo rifite uruhare. Umunaniro, ibirangaza, hamwe no gutandukana muri tekinike birashobora guhindura ireme ryibice byafunzwe. Uku kudasobanuka birashobora kuganisha ku giciro cyo hejuru no gutanga ibikoresho.
Ibinyuranye, imashini za CNC zirashobora kwihanganira kwihanganira nka ± 0.0001. Bakomeza uru rwego rwibanze kumusaruro wose.
Ibihe byatanga umusaruro
Imashini yintoki irahita igabanya inzira ya CNC. Abapfumu bagomba gushyiraho neza buri murimo no kugenzura buri gihe. Kuri ubu buryo bwo kwiyegereza bufata igihe.
Mugereranya umutwe-ku mutwe ku mutwe, imashini za CNC zirashobora kubyara ibice kugeza 75-300% byihuse. Itandukaniro mumuvuduko wumusaruro rirashobora kuba ingirakamaro.
Ibi bihe bito bigenda bigira ingaruka zidasanzwe. Bashobora kongera igihe cyumushinga kandi bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo gusiganwa bwo gufata akazi gashya.
Igikorwa-gikomeye
Imashini ikoresha isaba gutabara kwabantu. Abapfumu bakeneye kwishora mubikorwa, gukurikirana ibikoresho no guhindura ku isazi.
Iyi miterere-ishishikajwe n'imirimo ifite ingaruka nyinshi:
Amafaranga yo hejuru
Kongera ibyago byumunaniramo namakosa
Ubushobozi buke bwo gukora itara cyangwa 24/7
Kwishingikiriza kubakozi babahanga mumasoko akomeye
Dore kugereranya vuba ibisabwa byimirimo:
| Gukora Ubwoko | Bwakazi |
| Imfashanyigisho | 1 imashini kuri mashini |
| Cnc | Umukoresha 1 arashobora kugenzura imashini nyinshi |
Amaboko-kuri kamere yimashini nayo arabitera kurushaho gusaba. Abapfumu bari ku birenge, bakemura ibikoresho biremereye n'ibikoresho. Iyi mipaka yumubiri irashobora gutanga umusanzu mubicuruzwa byinshi byo guhindagurika no guhugura.
Ku rundi ruhande, imashini za CNC, zirashobora gukora mugihe kinini gifite ubugenzuzi bwabantu. Batuma amaduka akora byinshi afite ibikoresho bike.
CNC imashini ya VS imashini: Itandukaniro ryingenzi
Automation no kugenzura
Iyo bigeze bikora, CNC na Mancrans Imashini ni Isi zitandukanye. Imashini za CNC zigenzurwa na mudasobwa, naho imashini zintoki zishingiye kubakozi.
Iri tandukaniro rifite ingaruka nini mugusobanuka neza no gusobanura neza. Imashini za CNC zirashobora gukora porogaramu zigoye zifite ubudakemwa budasanzwe, zitanga ibice muri microns byo kwihanganira. Amashusho y'urutoki? Nibyiza cyane amakosa yumuntu.
Gukora kandi bigira ingaruka kumuvuduko. Imashini za CNC zirashobora kwiruka ku ya 24/7 zifite ubugenzuzi buke, guhagarika ibice ku muvuduko wihuta. Imashini zintozi zigarukira ku myanya nihuta kwubucamanza.
Ibisobanuro kandi byukuri
Precision niho imashini ya CNC irabagirana. Izi mashini irashobora gufata kwihanganira nka santimetero 0,0001, zemeza ko igice cyose kimeze neza.
Ku rundi ruhande, icyuma gishingiye ku buhanga bw'umukoresha. Ndetse abakora inararibonye benshi barwana no guhuza ibiranga imashini za CNC.
Uru rwego rwo gusobanura ni ngombwa kubice nka:
Ibice bya moteri
Gushyira mu buvuzi
Ibigize IBIKORWA BYINSHI
Umuvuduko wo gukora no gukora neza
Iyo bigeze kwihuta, CNC ni watsinze neza. Izi mashini zirashobora gukora ubudahwema, gusa kuruhuka kubikoresho cyangwa kubungabunga.
Imashini za CNC nazo zinoze inzira y'ibikoresho no gukata ibipimo, kugabanya ibyatinze no kugabanya ibikoresho byo gukuraho ibikoresho. Igisubizo? Byiyongereye cyane wiyongereye ugereranije nuburyo bwo gufatanya.
Imashini imashini irasanzwe. Abakora bagomba kugenzura witonze buri gice, biganisha ku gihe kirekire kuzenguruka.
Bigoye n'ubushobozi
Imashini za CNC zigenda zitanga geometries zigoye. Birashobora gukora byoroshye ibintu bifatika nka:
Umufuka wimbitse
Ubuso bwanduye
Umwobo
Kunywa
Imashini zintozi zirwana nuburyo bwibiranga. Bagarukira kuri dexterity yabakanda no kugera kubikoresho byo gukata.
Ariko, imashini zintoki ziracyafite umwanya wayo. Nibyiza kumusaruro muto, prototyping, nibice bimwe. Imashini zintoki nazo zirakwiye kandi kugirango zisane imirimo nibigize umurage.
| Kuranga | CNC imashini | zamaboko |
| Automation | Kugenzurwa na mudasobwa | Abantu bayobowe n'abantu |
| Ibisobanuro | Hejuru (Micron-Urwego) | Munsi (biterwa nubuhanga bwo gufungura) |
| Umuvuduko | Byihuse (imikorere ikomeza) | Gahoro (kugarukira ku mukoresha) |
| Bigoye | Indashyikirwa kuri geometries igoye | Kugarukira kubikoresho bigera hamwe na operator dexteryity |
| Porogaramu nziza | Umusaruro mwinshi, ibice bigoye | Umubumbe muto, gusana, prototypes |
Kugereranya kw'ibiciro: CNC imashini ya VS imashini
Mugihe usuzumye CNC imashini ya VNC imashini, igiciro akenshi ni ikintu gikomeye. Reka dusenye ibintu byimari bya buri kintu.
Ikiguzi cyambere
Ibiciro bya Upfront kubitangazamakuru bya CNC birenga cyane kuruta imashini zintoki. Urusyo rwibanze rwa CNC rushobora gutangirira hafi $ 50.000, mugihe urusyo rufite intoki rushobora gutwara amadorari 10,000 cyangwa munsi.
Ariko, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ingaruka ndende. Mugihe imashini za CNC zifite igiciro kinini cyambere, zitanga umusaruro nubushobozi cyane mugihe runaka. Ibi birashobora kugutera gusubirayo byihuse ku ishoramari.
Ibiciro byo gukora
Ibiciro byumurimo ni urufunguzo rutandukanye hagati ya CNC na MINILTING. Imashini za CNC zisaba abakora bike, nkuko umutekinisiye umwe wabahanga ashobora kugenzura imashini nyinshi. Ku rundi ruhande, icyuma, gikeneye umukozi witanze kuri buri mashini.
Kubijyanye no gukoresha ingufu, imashini za CNC muri rusange zikora neza. Banoza inzira y'ibikoresho no gukata ibipimo, kugabanya imyanda no kugabanya imikoreshereze yububasha. Imashini zintoki zishingiye kumyumvire ya Operator, zishobora kuganisha ku gukoresha ibintu bidakoreshwa neza hamwe nigipimo kinini.
Ibiciro byo kubungabunga
Kubungabunga ni ukwita ku mashini ya CNC n'intoki. Imashini za CNC ni sisitemu igoye hamwe nibigize byinshi bisaba kubungabunga buri gihe. Ibi birashobora kubamo:
Kuzunguruka
Imigozi yumupira
Sisitemu nziza
Sisitemu yo kugenzura
Gusana imashini za CNC birashobora kubahenze, kuko akenshi bisaba ibice hamwe nabatekinisiye.
Imashini zintoki, mugihe cyoroshye mugushushanya, biracyakenewe kubungabunga. Bashobora gusaba byinshi guhinduka hamwe na tune-hejuru kugirango bakomeze ukuri. Ariko, ibiciro bifitanye isano na mashini yintoki isanzwe iri munsi ya CNC.
Igihe cyo hasi nikindi kintu ugomba gusuzuma. Iyo imashini ya CNC irimo gusanwa, irashobora guhindura umusaruro. Imashini zintoki, kubera ko zitoroshye, zishobora kugira ibihe bigufi kandi bigira ingaruka nke kumusaruro rusange.
| Ibiciro bya | CNC imashini | imashini |
| Ishoramari ryambere | Hejuru ($ 50.000 +) | Munsi ($ 10,000 cyangwa munsi) |
| Amafaranga | Munsi (abakora bake) | Hejuru (umukoresha umwe kuri mashini) |
| Ingufu | Isumbuye (Ingero Zibikoresho) | Munsi (ibikorwa bishingiye) |
| Ibiciro byo kubungabunga | Birenzeho (ibice bigoye) | Munsi (igishushanyo mbonera) |
| Ingaruka | Kurenga (Igihombo gikomeye | Munsi (inshuro ngufi |
Ubwanyuma, Isesengura-Ibiciro byibiciro bya SNC imashini ya VNC biterwa nibikenewe byihariye nubunini bwibikorwa byawe. Mugihe CNC ifite amafaranga yo hejuru, imikorere yigihe kirekire kandi umusaruro urashobora kurenza ishoramari ryambere mubucuruzi bwinshi.
Porogaramu igereranya: CNC imashini ya VNC irateganya
Mugihe CNC no mu gitabombo cyonyine gifite umwanya wabo mu gukora, buri tekinike irabagirana muburyo butandukanye.
Gusaba SNC
Imashini za CNC ni zo zijya guhitamo inganda zisaba gusobanurwa cyane, guhuzagurika, nubunini. Bimwe mumirenge yingenzi yishingikiriza kuri CNC ikubiyemo:
Aerospace na Ailiation
Ibigize Indege
BLBBINE
Ibice by'imiterere
Gukora Imodoka
Moteri
Ibikoresho byohereza
Ibigize
Igikoresho cyo kwa muganga
Ibikoresho byo kubaga
Gutera na proshetics
Ibikoresho byo gusuzuma
Ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki n'ibicuruzwa by'umuguzi
Imanza zamajwi
Ibyuma bya mudasobwa
Ibice byo mu rugo
Inganda za peteroli na gaze
Imibiri
Imyitozo
Ibice bya Pump
Mold Gukora no Gukurikirana
Inshinge
Gupfa Gupfa
Jigs na Fixture
Imashini za CNC Excel muriyi nganda ziterwa nubushobozi bwabo bwo gukomeza kwihanganirana cyane, kubyara geometries bigoye, no gukora ubudahwema kumusaruro mwinshi.
Gusaba gushushanya
Mugihe CNC imashini yiganjemo imirenge myinshi, imashini zamaboko ziracyafite uruhare runini mubice byinshi:
Prototyping hamwe nibice bimwe
Icyitegererezo
Ibizamini
Ibigize
Gusana imirimo no kubungabunga
Intego yo kwigisha no guhugura
Ibice by'ubuhanzi no gushushanya
Ibishusho
Ibishushanyo
Imitako yihariye
Gukora ibicuruzwa cyangwa BESPOKE
Muri ibi bikorwa, guhinduka nubukorikori bwumuziki ukarisha. Abakoresha ubuhanga barashobora guhuza vuba kubisabwa byihariye hanyuma wongereho kugiti cye kubicuruzwa byanyuma.
Incamake
Byombi CNC no mu gitabo bifite imbaraga n'intege nke zabo. CNC itanga ubusobanuro n'umuvuduko, mugihe imashini zivanga zitanga guhinduka. Mugihe uhisemo uburyo, tekereza kubyo ukeneye gukora. Ubuhanga bwombi bukomeza kuba ngombwa mu nganda zigezweho. Kubisubizo byiza, saba impuguke zayo. Barashobora kukuyobora muburyo bwiza kumushinga wawe.
Shaka ibice byawe byihuta hamwe na serivisi ya CNG ya CNG. Saba amagambo uyumunsi mugukuramo dosiye yawe ya kad, kandi abahanga bacu bazatanga amagambo yo guhatanira mumasaha 24. Itsinda ryizewe mfg kubyo ushakira.
