Mubice byubumenyi bwibikoresho nubuhanga, amasezerano ya ruswa, okiside, ningese akenshi ikoreshwa muburyo bumwe. Ariko, ibyo bikorwa, mugihe bifitanye isano, bifite ibiranga bitandukanye. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro ryabo ni ngombwa kunganda kuva mu kubaka kugeza kuri Aerospace, kuko ibyo bintu bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo bwo kuramba n'umutekano by'ibikoresho n'inzego.
Ruswa?
RORSIONION ni ugutezimbere ibikoresho, mubisanzwe ibyuma, biterwa nibikorwa bya shimi cyangwa bya electrochemical. Iracikamo ibikoresho kandi igira ingaruka kuba inyangamugayo. RORROSONION irashobora kuganisha ku gutsindwa iyo bitagenzuwe.
Gutesha agaciro ibintu
Iyo ruswa ibaye, ihindura imitungo yumubiri. Ibi birimo imbaraga, isura, ndetse ndetse nayitwa. Ibisubizo bya electrochemical hagati yicyuma nibidukikije bitera ubuyambangirwa.
Ubwoko bw'ibikorikori
RORSIONE ntabwo arimwe mubintu byose. Ibidukikije n'ibikoresho bitandukanye biganisha ku buryo butandukanye bwa korosion. Hano hari ubwoko bumwe:
Igitero kimwe : Ubu ni uburyo busanzwe bwimbuto. Bibaho mugihe ubuso bwose bwibintu buhuye nibidukikije byangiza, bikavamo kwangirika.
Rulvanic Ruswa : Ubu bwoko bwa ruswa ibaho mugihe imiti ibiri idahwitse irimo guhura hagati ya electrolyte. Icyuma gike gihinduka anode na corode byihuse.
Ecell = E⁰cathode - E⁰cathode - E⁰cade - (RT / NF) ln ([Ox] / [Umutuku])
Ecell = Ubushobozi bwa Akagari, E0 = ibishoboka byose bya electrode, R = burigihe, t = ubushyuhe, n = umubare wa electron yimuwe, kandi f ni faraday ihoraho.
Igipimo cya Rarosion α [CL-] E (-ΔG / RT)
Muri iki kigereranyo, ΔG ni impinduka muri Gibbs Ingufu zubusa, r ni gaze ya gaze, kandi t ni ubushyuhe.
Piting : Ubu ni uburyo bwaho bwiganjemo ibisubizo bito cyangwa ibibonda hejuru yicyuma. Birashobora kugorana kubimenya kandi birashobora kunanirwa kunanirwa byihuse.
Ruswa rusange : Ubu bwoko bwa ruswa bubaho ku mbibi z'ibinyampeke, akenshi bitewe n'imvura yo kubyabaye cyangwa gushinga ibyiciro bitandukanye.
RISTORONION : Bibaho iyo amazi yakaze yimukiye hejuru yicyuma kuri falocieti ndende, bigatera kwambara imiti minini hamwe no gutesha agaciro imiti.
Shimangira ibisimba byakonja : Ibi bibaho mugihe icyuma gikorerwa imihangayiko ya kanseri nibidukikije, biganisha ku gushishikarizwa no gukwirakwiza ibice.
Guhitamo Gutoranya : Ubu bwoko bwa ruswa burimo gukuraho ibintu bimwe bivuye muri ako kanya, bigatuma inyubako zigabanywa, zifite ishingiro.
Ibikoresho byatewe na ruswa
Ruswa ntabwo igira ingaruka gusa. Ibindi bikoresho birashobora kugurika:
Ibyuma : Icyuma, Aluminium, Umuringa, na alloys yabo bibasirwa cyane na ruswa.
Ceramics : Nubwo bidasanzwe, ceramics irashobora gutesha agaciro imiti n'ibidukikije.
Polymers : Aho gukonjesha, polymers degrade. Uku gucika intege birashobora gutuma umuntu acika, agambani, cyangwa ibara.
Okiside ni iki?
Okidation ni inzira yimiti aho ibikoresho bitakaza electron, mubisanzwe bitwara na ogisijeni. Nibice bya chimie ya buri munsi, akenshi bikavamo impinduka zigaragara nkibara cyangwa imiterere.
Inzira yimiti irimo gutakaza electron
Muri okiside, ikintu gitanga electrons kubandi. Ogisijeni mubisanzwe ni ibintu bibyakira. Iyi myitwarire irashobora kubaho mubikoresho byombi nibikoresho bivamo, guhindura imitungo yabo. Imyitwarire rusange ya okiside irashobora guhagararirwa nka:
m → m⁺ + e⁻
Hano, 'm ' byerekana ibikoresho (akenshi icyuma) gutakaza electron, kuba ion ishinga amategeko (m⁺).
Ingero zibyabo mubuzima bwa buri munsi
Okidetion igira ingaruka kubikoresho dukoresha buri munsi. Dore ingero zimwe na zimwe:
Ihinduka ry'icyuma n'ibyuma : Iyo icyuma cyitwa ogisijeni nubushuhe, bitera ingera. Ikigereranyo Cyimiti Kubuto bwa Rust ni:
4fe + 3o₂ + 6hO → 4fe (OH) ₃
Iki gice gitukura-cyijimye gigabanya icyuma.
Kwanduza ifeza : Ifeza yifata hamwe nibice bya sulfure mu kirere, bikora sulfide ya feza. Ikigereranyo Cyimiti ni:
2Ag + H₂s → AG₂s + h₂
Uyu muyaga wirabura utanga urumuri rwimitako ya feza cyangwa kwibuho.
Okidation mubikoresho kama
Okiside nayo iba mubinyabuzima. Ariko bitandukanye n'ibyuma, ingaruka zirashobora kuba ingirakamaro:
Imbaraga muri metabolism : Mu mibiri yacu, okiside ifasha gutwika ibiryo byingufu, yihutisha metabolism.
Ingaruka za kanseri yo hepfo : Inzira zimwe na zimwe zo muri okiside muri selile zifasha gukumira ikwirakwizwa ryimizitizi yubusa, ishobora kugabanya ibyago.
Ingese ni iki?
Ingese ni ubwoko bwihariye bwimbuto igira ingaruka kuri fer na alloys, nkicyuma. Birangwa nibara ritukura-umukara hamwe nimbuga.
Ubu buryo bwimbuto bubaho iyo icyuma gihuye nubushuhe na ogisijeni. Inzira yo gushiraho ingendo irimo intambwe nyinshi:
Okiside reaction : Icyuma gitakaza electron kandi yitabira ogisijeni imbere y'amazi kugirango icyuma (II) ion.
Fe → Fe⊃2; ⁺ + 2e⁻
Gushinga hydroxide y'icyuma : Fe⊃2; ⁺ ion wibone n'amazi na ogisijeni gukora icyuma (ii).
Fe⊃2; ⁺ + 2h₂o + o₂ → FE (OH) ₂
Okidation yicyuma : Icyuma (II) Hydroxide ofle okiside yo gukora icyuma (iii) hydroxide.
4fe (OH) ₂ + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Fo (OH) ₃
Gushiraho ingese : Icyuma (iii) hydroxide dehydrates kugirango ikore icyuma (iii) oxide-hydroxide, mubisanzwe bizwi nkingese. Iyi ngeto ni imvange igoye yimyanda yicyuma na hydroxide.
4fe (OH) ₂ → FE₂O₃ · 3h₂o
Ibintu byinshi birashobora guteza imbere uburyo bwa rust:
Kuba heza : Ibikorwa byamazi akora nka electrolyte, bifasha ibisubizo-byo kugabanya ibimama bikenewe kugirango duhindure. Ubushuhe buke cyangwa bwo guhura n'imvura birashobora kwihutisha inzira.
Guhura na ogisijeni na electrolytes : ogisijeni ni ngombwa kugirango ubone ingendo. Uturere dufite aeration nziza cyangwa kwibanda kuri ogisijeni ndende bikunda guterana. Umunyu na acide birashobora kandi kongera ibikorwa bya electrochemique yicyuma, kwihutisha inzira yo gukomera.
Ibintu bidukikije : Ubushyuhe bufite uruhare muburyo buto. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru burashobora kongera ibipimo byimyitwarire yimiti, biganisha ku ruzinduko rwihuse. Hejuru yanduye nkumwanda cyangwa amavuta arashobora gutondekanya ubushuhe hejuru yicyuma, arema ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa ningendo.
Itandukaniro hagati ruswa, okiside,
| nuduce | twinshi | ya | hamwe |
| Ibisobanuro | Gutesha agaciro ibikoresho kubera imiti cyangwa electrochemical reaction hamwe nibidukikije | Inzira yimiti aho ibintu bitakaza electrons, akenshi birimo ogisijeni | Uburyo bwihariye bwa ruswa ireba ibyuma nicyuma |
| Urwego | Ijambo ryagutse, rikubiyemo uburyo butandukanye bwo gutesha agaciro ibintu | Ubwoko bwihariye bwimyitwarire yimiti | Ibicuruzwa byihariye byo kuri okiside |
| Ibikoresho byagize ingaruka | Ibikoresho bitandukanye birimo ibyuma, ceramic, na polymers | Ibintu bya kama ndetse no muburyo butandukanye | By'umwihariko Iron hamwe na alloys |
| Ibintu by'ibidukikije | Bisaba electrolyte | Ikenera ogisijeni cyangwa ikindi kintu cya okiside | Bisaba ogisijeni nubushuhe |
| Ibicuruzwa | Irashobora kuvamo ibice bitandukanye | Itanga oxide | Ifishi yicyuma na hydroxides |
| Inzira yimiti | Akenshi bikubiyemo kohereza eletron hagati y'ibikoresho n'ibidukikije | Gutakaza electron, akenshi kuri ogisijeni | Icyuma cyakira ogisijeni n'amazi |
| Isura | Ifishi itandukanye (urugero, gukubita, gupima) | Irashobora kugaragara cyangwa itagaragara ukurikije ibikoresho | Ibara ryihariye-ibara ryijimye |
| Ingaruka | Mubisanzwe byangiza ibintu bifatika | Irashobora kuba ingirakamaro (urugero, ibiceri birinda) cyangwa byangiza | Burigihe byangiza ibikoresho bishingiye ku ibyuma |
| Ingaruka zubukungu | Bifite akamaro mu nganda zitandukanye | Biratandukanye bitewe nurwego | Izingenzi mu ibyuma |
Ingaruka z'ibirori, okiside, n'ingese
RORRISION, okidation, n'ingese bifite ingaruka zigera kure cyane zirenze kwangirika kw'ibikoresho. Bashobora kuganisha ku gihombo gikomeye mubukungu, ingaruka zitera umutekano, ndetse zikangiriza ibidukikije.
Ingaruka z'ubukungu
Ibiciro bifitanye isano na ruswa, okiside, n'ingese biratangaje. Nk'uko ubushakashatsi bwa Nace mpuzamahanga, ikiguzi cy'isi ku isi kivugwa ko ari tiriyari 2.5 z'amadolari buri mwaka, bihwanye na 3.4% bya GDP ku isi.
Ibi biciro birimo:
Ibiciro bitaziguye byo gusimbuza cyangwa gusana ibikoresho byangirika ninzego
Ibiciro bitaziguye nko gutakaza umusaruro, kwangirika ibidukikije, no kuburana
Ibiciro byo kubungabunga no kugenzura no kugenzura
Inganda zagize ingaruka cyane ku gakos zirimo:
Amavuta na gaze
Ubwikorezi (Automotive, Aerospace, Gariyamoshi, na Marine)
Ibikorwa Remezo (Ikiraro, imiyoboro, ninyubako)
Gukora no gutunganya ibihingwa
Impungenge z'umutekano
RORSIONION, okidation, n'ingese birashobora guhungabanya ubusugire bw'inyubako, ibinyabiziga, n'ibikorwa remezo. Uku kwangirika birashobora kuganisha ku kunanirwa kw'ibinyaga, gushyira ubuzima mu kaga.
Ingero zimwe zangiza umutekano ziterwa na ruswa harimo:
Gusenyuka kw'ikiraro cyangwa inyubako kubera imbaraga z'icyuma
Kunanirwa kw'imiyoboro, biganisha kumeneka ya peteroli cyangwa kumeneka
Kutagenda neza Ibigize mu ndege cyangwa ibinyabiziga
Kwanduza amazi yo kunywa kuri pisine
Ingaruka z'ibidukikije
RORROSONION, okidation, n'ingese irashobora kandi kugira ingaruka zikomeye z'ibidukikije. Iyo inyubako zangirika zatsinzwe, barashobora kurekura ibikoresho bishobora guteza akaga ibidukikije.
Kurugero:
Ibigega byo kubika urubyaro birashobora kumeneka cyangwa ibicuruzwa bya peteroli, kwanduza ubutaka na mater
Imyanda yibyuma irashobora gusohora ibyuma biremereye muri ecosystem
Gutesha agaciro ibikorwa remezo birashobora gutuma umuntu adaharanira inyungu za Greenhouse
Ingamba zo gukumira no kugabanya ingamba
Gukumira no kugabanya ruswa, okiside, n'ingese bisaba uburyo bwinshi. Ibi bikubiyemo guhitamo ibintu byitondewe, gutekereza kubishushanyo, ubuvuzi buringaniye, kugenzura ibidukikije, no gukurikirana buri gihe.
Guhitamo ibikoresho no gushushanya
Bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo kwirinda ibihingwa nugukoresha ibikoresho byanze bikunze. Ingero zimwe za Alloys-irwanya ruswa ikubiyemo:
Ibi bikoresho bigize urwego rurinda hejuru yubuso bwabo, rufasha gukumira izindi ruswa.
Igishushanyo nacyo kigira uruhare rukomeye mu kugabanya ibiryori. Abashinzwe injeniyeri bagomba:
Irinde impande zikarishye na crevices aho ibintu byangirika bishobora kwegeranya
Menya neza ko amazi meza yo gukumira amazi ahagaze
Koresha ingingo zisukuye aho kuba cyangwa kuzunguruka mugihe bishoboka
Guteka no kuvura
Gusaba amatara yo kurinda no kuvura hejuru yibikoresho birashobora gufasha gukumira ruswa. Uburyo bumwe busanzwe burimo:
Gushushanya n'amavuta : Ibi bitera inzitizi hagati yicyuma nibidukikije, birinda guhura nabakozi bakingika.
Gukiza Gukiza : Ibi bikubiyemo gushushanya icyuma cyangwa ibyuma hamwe na zinc, nimpanga zo kurinda ibyuma biri imbere.
Amashanyarazi : Yabitse igice gito cyicyuma kirwanya ruswa, nka chromium cyangwa nikel, hejuru yindi cyuma.
Ameding : Iyi nzira itera urwego runini, rurinda oxide hejuru yibyuma nka aluminium.
Passivetion : Harimo kuvura hejuru yicyuma hamwe nigisubizo cyimiti kugirango ikongere ishyirwaho ryumurongo urinda oxide.
Igenzura ry'ibidukikije
Kugenzura ibidukikije birashobora gufasha kugabanya guhura nabakozi bakingika. Ingamba zimwe zirimo:
Kugumana urwego ruto rwo kugabanya ubushuhe mu kirere
Kugenga ubushyuhe kugirango wirinde ihindagurika rikabije rishobora kwihutisha ruswa
Ukoresheje dehumifiers, icyuma gikonjesha, cyangwa ubushyuhe bwo kugenzura ibidukikije
Kubika ibikoresho byometse, bihumeka neza kure yibintu byangirika
Gukurikirana no kugenzura no kugenzura
Gukurikirana no kugenzura buri gihe birashobora gufasha kumenya ibikona hakiri kare, yemerera gutabara ku gihe. Ibi birimo:
Kugaragaza neza ibimenyetso byibimenyetso byimbuto, nko gukumira, gutobora, cyangwa guhindagurika
Gukoresha uburyo budashira bwangiza, nko gupima ultrasonic ubugari cyangwa radiyo, kugirango usuzume urugero rwimbuto nta kwangiza ibikoresho
Kubika inyandiko zirambuye zo kugenzura ibisubizo kugirango ukurikirane iterambere ryikoswa mugihe runaka
Iterambere mu gukumira no gukumira Ikoranabuhanga
Mugihe intambara yo kurwanya ruswa ikomeje, abashakashatsi na ba injeniyeri batezimbere ibisubizo bishya kugirango birinde kandi bagabanye ingaruka zabyo. Iterambere riva mubice byinshi kuri sisitemu yo gukurikirana igihe cyo gukurikirana igihe cyo gukurikirana.
Gutezimbere Amavuta Yimikorere
Igice kimwe cyiterambere ryinshi niterambere ryibice bikuru. Ibi bice bitanga irwanya ibitero, kwambara, no gutera imiti. Ingero zimwe na zimwe zirimo:
Epoxy na Polyurethane : Ibi bitanga imyidagaduro myiza, kuramba, no kurwanya ubuhehere n'imiti. Byakoreshejwe cyane mubikorwa byinganda na Marine.
Ikirangantego cya fluoopolymer : Bizwiho kurwanya imiti mike yubushyuhe hamwe nimiterere ya fluopolymer, aho uri PTFE, nka PTFO (Teflon), nibyiza kubidukikije bikaze.
Bio-yahumekewe no kwikuramo kwikinisha : Ibi bice bishya bihuza imiterere yo kwikiza ibinyabuzima. Harimo capsules microscopique yuzuyemo abakozi bakiza barekuwe mugihe igikombe cyangiritse, kikabituma ngo usane.
Kurinda Cathodic hamwe na ruswa ibikoresho
Kurinda Cathodic nuburyo bwashizweho neza bwo gukumira rubrosit mumiterere yicyuma. Harimo gukoresha amashanyarazi mato kubyuma, abigira Cathode muri selile. Ibi birinda icyuma gikomokaho.
Abagizi ba nabi ni ibintu, iyo byongerewe ahantu hangirika, gabanya igipimo cya ruswa. Bakora mugukora firime yo kurinda hejuru yicyuma cyangwa muguhindura chimie yibidukikije.
Iterambere rya vuba muri ubwo buhanga harimo:
Sisitemu yo kurengera inkweto zirimo kurinda imirasire y'izuba cyangwa izindi mbaraga zishoboka
Ibibuza kama kama biva mu bikura bikomoka ku bimera hamwe nizindi mperuka yinshuti
Gukora ubwenge bikubiyemo ababuza ruswa no kubarekura mugihe bikenewe
Gukurikirana ibihe nyabyo hamwe na sisitemu yo kuburira hakiri kare
Gutahura urubura hakiri kare ni ngombwa mu gukumira gutsindwa kw'ibitero. Sisitemu yo gukurikirana-igihe cyo gukurikirana ikoresha sensor kugirango ikongeze ibipimo bitandukanye bijyanye na ruswa, nka:
Ubushobozi bwa electrochemical
Ruswa
Ibintu bidukikije (ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, PH)
Izi sisitemu zishobora kuba maso mugihe umubare wa ruswa urenze urwego rwemewe, wemerera gutabara ku gihe. Sisitemu zimwe zateye imbere ndetse zikoresha imashini yo kwiga imashini kugirango ihanure ibiciro bya kanseri bishingiye kumateka yamateka.
Ibikoresho bishya nubuhanga byo gukumira kwangirika mubidukikije bya Marine
Ibidukikije bya marine biragoye cyane mugihe cyo gukumira kwangwa. Guhuza amazi yumunyu, ibinyabuzima, hamwe nubushake bwakani burashobora gutesha agaciro ibikoresho bikomeye cyane.
Abashakashatsi barimo guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya n'ubuhanga kugira ngo bakemure ibyo bibazo, nka:
Ibigori birwanya ruswa birimo urwego rwo hejuru rwa Chromium, Nickel, na Molybdenum
Ibikoresho bigizwe no guhuza imbaraga zibyuma hamwe no kurwanya ruswa ya polymers
Ihuriro rya Nanomer
Uburyo bwa electrochemical uburyo bwo kugenzura, nko gukingirwa kwa Cashodic
Umwanzuro
RORRISION, okidation, n'ingese bifitanye isano ariko inzira zitandukanye zishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye hamwe ninzego. Mugihe okiside ari reaction nini, ruswa ihindura ibikoresho, kandi ingese zigira ingaruka ku ibyuma gusa nibibu.
Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro ningirakamaro mukubungabunga umutekano no kuramba byumutungo utandukanye. Ubushakashatsi bukomeje muri siyansi ya CORROSION igamije guteza imbere ingamba nikoranabuhanga rishinzwe gukumira ingamba nikoranabuhanga kugirango turwanye ibi bibazo bidakomeza.
