Passivation y'ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse .

Ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse kimanyiddwa olw’amaanyi gaakyo n’okuziyiza okukulukuta, naye n’ekintu kino ekiwangaala kisobola okusajjuka mu mbeera ezimu. Lwaki kino kibaawo, era kiyinza kitya okuziyizibwa? Passivation kye kisumuluzo. Nga oggyawo obucaafu obuva kungulu n’okutumbula oluwuzi lwayo olw’obutonde olukuuma, ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse kisobola bulungi okuziyiza okukulukuta.

Mu post eno, tujja kwetegereza passivation kye ki, lwaki kikulu, n'engeri gye kitereezaamu obuwangaazi bwa Stainless Steel. Ojja kuyiga ku nkola, emigaso gyayo, n’emitendera gy’okukakasa okuziyiza okukulukuta okulungi.

Passivation kye ki?

Passivation ekiikirira enkola enkulu ey’okumaliriza ekyuma okutumbula obusobozi bw’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse eky’obutonde okuziyiza okukulukuta. Enkola eno ey’okulongoosa kungulu ekola ekiziyiza eky’obukuumi ekitaliiko kye kikola, okuziyiza okuzimba n’okukulukuta mu mbeera ez’enjawulo ez’obutonde.

Ennyonyola n'ekigendererwa .

Passivation ekozesa enkola ezenjawulo ez’eddagala - mu ngeri entuufu nitric oba citric acid solutions - targeting free iron removal okuva ku stainless steel surfaces. Enkola eno ey’enjawulo erongoosa okutondebwa kw’oluwuzi lwa okisayidi olulimu ekirungo kya chromium omungi, okulongoosa ennyo okuziyiza kw’okukulukuta.

Emigaso emikulu mulimu:

• Enhanced product longevity nga tuyita mu kuziyiza okusukkuluma ku nsonga z’okukulukuta kw’obutonde bw’ensi .

• Okuggyawo obucaafu obuva ku ngulu okuva mu mirimu gy’okukola n’okukola ebyuma .

• Okukendeeza ku byetaago by’okuddaabiriza mu bulamu bwonna obw’ekintu .

• Okulongoosa mu ngeri y’okungulu n’obutakyukakyuka mu bitundu ebijjanjabiddwa .

• Okwongera okwesigika mu nkola enkulu ezeetaaga okuziyiza okukulukuta .

Enkulaakulana y’ebyafaayo .

Ekintu ekiyitibwa passivation phenomenon kyavaayo nga kiyita mu kunoonyereza okwasooka mu myaka gya 1800. Ebikulu ebikulu mulimu:

1. Wakati w'emyaka gya 1800: Omukristaayo Friedrich Schönbein yazuula embeera ya 'passive'

2. Ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1900: Okutwala amakolero mu makolero okufuula asidi wa nitric passivation .

3. 1990s: Okuyingiza asidi wa citric alternatives .

4. Ku lunaku luno: Enkola ez’omulembe ezikola mu ngeri ey’otoma n’ebintu ebikuuma obutonde bw’ensi

Okutegeera okutondebwa kwa passive layer .

Chromium Oxide oluwuzi .

Ekisenge ekikuuma kikola mu butonde ku bitundu eby’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse mu mbeera ennungi. Firimu eno eya oxide erimu microscopic chromium epimibwa nga 0.0000001-inch thick - roughly 100,000 times thinner okusinga enviiri z’omuntu.

Omulimu omukulu ogwa oxygen .

Olususu olutaliiko kye lukola lukula nga luyita mu nkolagana enzibu wakati wa:

• Ebirimu chromium mu kyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse .

• Oxygen exposure okuva mu butonde .

• Embeera y’okungulu n’obuyonjo .

• Emiwendo gy’ebbugumu n’obunnyogovu .

Ensonga z’obutonde ezikola passivation .

Embeera y’okungulu .

Ensonga eziwerako zikwata ku kukola layeri ezikola obulungi (passive layer formation):

• Ebyetaago by’obuyonjo ku ngulu:

• Okuggyawo obulungi amafuta g’okukuba ebyuma n’amazzi agasala .

• Okuggyawo obutundutundu bw’ekyuma okuva mu bikozesebwa mu kukola .

• Obutabeera na minzaani ya thermal oxide okuva mu kuweta oba okulongoosa ebbugumu .

• Eddembe okuva mu bucaafu bw'obutonde n'okusuubula obucaafu .

Ebikosa obutonde bw’ensi .

Embeera ezisinga obulungi ez’obutakola mu butonde mulimu:

Factor	Optimal Range	Impact .
Omutindo gwa okisigyeni .	empewo (21%) .	Ekyetaagisa mu kukola oxide .
Ebbugumu	68-140°F (20-60°C)	Akwata ku muwendo gw’okutondebwa .
Obunyogovu	30-70% .	Akwata ku mutindo gwa layer .
pH .	6-8 .	Ekwata ku nkola y’okungulu .

Okusaba kw'amakolero .

Passivation ekakasa nti kyetaagisa mu bitundu ebingi:

• Okukola ebyuma eby’obujjanjabi nga kyetaagisa emitendera emikakali egy’okukwatagana n’ebiramu .

• Ebitundu by’omu bbanga ebisaba okuziyiza okukulukuta okw’enjawulo .

• Ebikozesebwa mu kulongoosa emmere nga bikuuma embeera y’obuyonjo .

• Enkola z’okulongoosa eddagala nga zikwata embeera ez’obukambwe .

• Ebikozesebwa ebituufu ebyetaagisa okwesigika kw’emirimu egy’ekiseera ekiwanvu .

Enkola z’okukola ebyuma ebitali bizimbulukuse (passivation processes for stainless steels) .

Obulung’amu bw’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse passivation kisinziira nnyo ku kulonda enkola n’okutuukiriza. Obukodyo obw’omulembe obw’obutakola passivation buwa enkola ez’enjawulo, buli emu ereeta enkizo ey’enjawulo mu nkola ezenjawulo.

Nitric Acid Passivation .

Nitric acid passivation esigala nga mutindo gwa makolero okutuuka ku kuziyiza okukulukuta okulungi mu byuma ebitali bimenyamenya.

Enkola parameters

parameter	range	embeera ezisinga obulungi .
Okussa ebirowoozo ku kintu ekimu .	20-50% .	25-30% .
Ebbugumu	49-60°C .	55°C .
Obudde bw'okunnyika .	Edakiika 20-60	eddakiika 30 .

Sodium dichromate enhancement .

Okwongerako sodium dichromate (2-6 wt%) kiwa:

• Accelerated passive layer formation okuyita mu kwongera ku potential ya oxidation .

• Obukuumi obulongooseddwa ku chromium stainless steel grades .

• Okukendeeza ku bulabe bw’okulumba flash mu kiseera ky’okukola .

• Enhanced surface uniformity mu bitundu ebijjanjabiddwa .

Ebiteeso ebikwata ku kibiina .

Ebipimo eby’enjawulo eby’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse byetaaga enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okulongoosa:

1. Austenitic (300 series):

• Standard 20% nitric acid solution egaba ebirungi ebirungi .

• Ebbugumu eriri wakati wa: 49-60°C

• Obudde bw’okukola: eddakiika 30

2. Martensitic (400 series):

• Asidi wa nitric ow’obungi (40-50%) .

• Ebbugumu erya wansi eriri wakati wa: 40-50°C

• Obudde obw’okulongoosa: eddakiika 45-60

Ebirungi n'Ebikoma .

Emigaso:

• Obulung’amu obuteereddwawo okuyita mu bigezo by’ebyuma ebitali bimenyamenya ebiwerako .

• Okutondebwa kwa layeri okutambula amangu mu mbeera ezifugibwa .

• Ebivuddemu ebikwatagana okuyita mu mutindo gw’okukola ebipimo .

• Enkola z’okulondoola omutindo eziwandiikiddwa obulungi .

Ebizibu:

• Okweraliikirira obutonde bw’ensi ku bikwata ku kusuula asidi n’okukola omukka .

• Ebyetaago by’obukuumi ebisingako mu kukwata asidi ezikuŋŋaanyiziddwa .

• Obulabe obuyinza okubaawo mu mbeera etali ntuufu mu mbeera etali ntuufu .

Sitric Acid Okufuula .

Enkola eno etali ya bulabe eri obutonde bw’ensi egaba obulungi obugeraageranyizibwa ku nkola za asidi za nitric ez’ennono.

Process Specifications

Temperature range	Okusengejja	Okutono Okunnyika Obudde .
60-71°C .	4-10% .	Eddakiika 4 .
49-60°C .	4-10% .	Eddakiika 10 .
38-48°C .	4-10% .	Eddakiika 20 .
21-37°C .	4-10% .	Eddakiika 30 .

Okwekenenya okugeraageranya .

Ebirungi:

• Enkola y’okulongoosa obutonde bw’ensi mu butonde .

• Okukendeeza ku bulabe bw’abaddukanya emirimu .

• Ebyetaago ebyangu mu kulongoosa kasasiro .

• FDA Gras (okutwalira awamu emanyiddwa nga safe) embeera .

Ebikoma:

• Ebiseera ebiwanvu eby’okulongoosa ku bbugumu eri wansi .

• Obuwulize obusingako ku bucaafu bw’okunaaba .

• Ebyetaago by’okukyusaamu ebisinga obungi mu kugonjoola .

Ebyetaago by’okusooka okujjanjaba .

Okuteekateeka obulungi kungulu kukosa nnyo obuwanguzi bwa passivation.

Emitendera egy’omugaso .

1. Enkola y’okuyonja alkaline:

• Aggyawo obucaafu obuva mu kukola obutonde mu mirimu gy’okukola n’okukwata .

• Emalawo amafuta ag’okungulu okuziyiza okukwatagana kwa asidi okulungi .

• Ekola embeera z’okungulu ezisinga obulungi ku mitendera egy’obutakola .

2. Enkola y’okunaabisa amazzi:

• Emitendera mingi egy’okunaabisa kakasa nti okuggyibwako obucaafu mu bujjuvu .

• Amazzi agataliimu ayoni gakendeeza ku bifo eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka ku bifo ebirongooseddwa .

• Okulondoola pH okufugibwa kuziyiza okutwalibwa kw’eddagala wakati w’emitendera .

Ensonga ezikulu ennyo mu buwanguzi:

• Okuggyawo obulungi obucaafu bwonna obw’okungulu nga tebannaba kulongoosa asidi .

• Okulabirira okugonjoola ensonga entuufu n’okugezesebwa buli kiseera .

• Embeera z’obutonde ezifugibwa mu nkola yonna .

• Okunywerera ennyo ku nkola z’okuyonja eziteereddwawo .

Enkola endala ez’okukola passivation .

Electrochemical Passivation .

Enkola eno ey’enjawulo etuwa ebirungi eby’enjawulo:

• Accelerated passive layer formation okuyita mu busobozi bw’amasannyalaze obussiddwa .

• Okufuga okunywezeddwa ku bugumu bwa oxide layer .

• Okulongoosa mu ngeri y’emu ku geometry enzibu .

• Okukendeeza ku budde bw’okukola ku nkola ezenjawulo .

Ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa mu kukola eddagala .

Tekinologiya wa passivation agenda okuvaayo mulimu:

• Enkola za asidi ow’obutonde ow’obwannannyini .

• Enkola za asidi ezitabuliddwamu okukozesebwa mu ngeri ey’enjawulo .

• Enkola empya ey’eddagala erikola ku bintu ebisomooza .

• Ebirungo ebiyamba okugonjoola obutonde bw’ensi .

Weetegereze: Okulonda enkola kulina okulowooza ku ddaala ly’ebintu, ebyetaago by’okukozesa, ensonga z’obutonde, n’okulowooza ku by’enfuna.

Ensonga ezikwata ku bulung’amu bw’okukola passivation .

Obuwanguzi obutakola (passivation) businziira ku bintu ebikulu ebingi. Okutegeera ebintu bino bikakasa okukuuma obulungi ku ngulu n’okuziyiza okukulukuta okw’ekiseera ekiwanvu.

Okukwata ku kutegeka kungulu .

Okuteekateeka obulungi kungulu kukwata butereevu ku mutindo gwa passivation. Enkola enzijuvu ey’okuteekateeka mulimu:

Emitendera egy’okuyonja egy’omugaso .

1. Okuggya amasavu mu kusooka kuggyawo amafuta n’ebisigadde by’amazzi agakola ebyuma mu ngeri ennungi .

2. Okuyonja ebyuma kimalawo obutundutundu bw'ekyuma obuteekeddwamu okuva mu kikozesebwa eky'okukola obucaafu .

3. Okwoza eddagala kusaanuusa okisayidi ku ngulu era ne kikola embeera z’okungulu ezifaanagana .

4. Enzirukanya y’okunaabisa emirundi mingi Kakasa nti ebisigaddewo mu bujjuvu eby’ekirungo eky’okwoza .

Okuggyawo obucaafu mu ngeri ey’amaanyi .

Obucaafu obumanyiddwa ku ngulu obwetaagisa okuggyibwawo:

Ekika ky’obucaafu	kikwata ku	nkola y’okuggyawo passivation .
Amafuta g'ekyuma .	Eziyiza okukwatagana kwa asidi .	Alkaline Okuggya Amasavu .
obutundutundu bw’ekyuma .	ekivaako obusagwa ku ngulu .	Okwoza asidi .
minzaani ya oxide .	Blocks Passivation .	Okuggyawo ebyuma/eddagala .
edduuka obucaafu .	Akendeeza ku bulungibwansi .	Okwoza kwa Ultrasonic .

Ebifaananyi by’ebintu .

Ebirina okulowoozebwako mu kibiina .

Ebipimo eby’enjawulo eby’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse byetaaga enkola ezenjawulo:

• Austenitic Ebigezo (300 Series):

• Okutondebwa kwa layeri okutambula obulungi ennyo olw’ebirimu chromium ebirimu .

• Yeetaaga enkola za passivation eza standard okusobola okufuna ebivaamu ebisinga obulungi .

• eraga okuziyiza okukulukuta okw’ekika ekya waggulu oluvannyuma lw’okujjanjabibwa obulungi .

• Ebigezo bya Martensitic (400 Series):

• kyetaagisa okufuga ebbugumu n'obwegendereza mu kiseera ky'okulongoosa passivation .

• Yeetaaga ebiseera ebiwanvu eby’okulongoosa okusobola okukola obulungi layer layer .

• Yeetaaga okufaayo ennyo okuziyiza okulumbagana okw’amaanyi okubeerawo .

Ebikolwa by'okumaliriza kungulu .

Ebifaananyi eby’okungulu bikwata nnyo ku bivudde mu kukola passivation:

1. Ebintu ebikaluba:

• Okwongera ku buwanvu bw’okungulu kyetaagisa ebiseera ebiwanvu eby’okulaga passivation .

• Obulabe obw’amaanyi obw’okusigala ng’obucaafu mu bitali bituufu ku ngulu .

• Enhanced cleaning protocols ezeetaagisa okusobola okujjanjaba obulungi .

2. Ebintu ebirongooseddwa:

• Okutondebwa kwa passive layer okufaanagana okusingawo kubaawo ku bitundu ebiseeneekerevu .

• Okukendeeza ku budde bw’okulongoosa kituuka ku mitendera gy’obukuumi egyetaagisa .

• Okulabika obulungi oluvannyuma lw'okumaliriza passivation .

Enkola y’okukola ebbugumu ekosa .

Ebikosa Welding .

• Zooni ezikoseddwa ebbugumu zeetaaga okufaayo ennyo mu kiseera ky’okulongoosa passivation .

• Okuggyawo minzaani ya weld kulina okukulembera enkola zonna ez’okukola passivation .

• Ebipimo by’okukola passivation ebikyusiddwa ebyetaagisa mu bitundu ebiweereddwa .

Okulowooza ku kulongoosa ebbugumu .

• Okunyogoza okutuufu kukakasa embeera ennungi ey’okungulu ey’okukola passivation .

• Okufuga ebbugumu kuziyiza okutondebwa kwa okisayidi okuteetaagibwa .

• Okulongoosa mu bbugumu oluvannyuma lw’ebbugumu kuggyawo okufuuka okw’ebbugumu (thermal oxidation) .

Ensonga z’obutonde bw’ensi .

Ebikulu ebikwata ku butonde bw’ensi ebikwata ku kukola passivation:

Ebbugumu: 68-140°F (20-60°C) Obunnyogovu: 30-70% Omutindo gw’empewo: Okwokya, Okuyingiza empewo etaliimu nfuufu: Okuwanyisiganya empewo okumala

Enzirukanya y’okugonjoola ebizibu .

Okufuga obucaafu .

Ensonda z’obucaafu bw’okugonjoola ensonga zeetaaga okulondoola:

1. Obutundutundu bw’ebyuma okuva mu bitundu ebirongooseddwa bifuula ebinabiro eby’obutafaali obuyitibwa passivation baths .

2. Drag-in okuva mu kuyoza okutamala ereeta eddagala eriteetaagibwa .

3. Obujama bw'empewo bukosa ekirungo kya solution mu biseera .

4. Obujama obusalako bubaawo wakati w’obubonero bw’ebintu eby’enjawulo .

Ebiragiro by’okuddaabiriza omutindo .

Enkola enkulu ez’okuddaabiriza mulimu:

• Okwekenenya eky’okugonjoola ekizibu kino bulijjo:

• Okugezesa asidi buli wiiki kikakasa nti enkola ekwatagana .

• Okulondoola pH kuzuula okuvunda kw’okugonjoola mu butuufu .

• Okukebera omutendera gw'obucaafu Okuziyiza ensonga z'omutindo mu ngeri ey'okusooka .

• Okukakasa obutonde bw’eddagala kukuuma omutindo gw’emirimu ogusinga obulungi .

• Enkola y’okukyusa mu nteekateeka:

• Emirimu egy’omuwendo omungi gyetaaga okukyusaamu okugonjoola buli mwezi .

• Okufulumya bulijjo kwetaaga enkyukakyuka mu solution ya quarterly solution .

• Enteekateeka z'ennono nga zisinziira ku bivudde mu kulondoola obucaafu .

• Okukyusa mu mbeera ey'amangu oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa Flash Attack .

Ebiraga omutindo gw’emirimu .

Ebiraga omutindo okusobola okukola obulungi:

1. Endabika y’okungulu:

• Ekintu ekifaanagana, ekiyonjo nga tekikyuse langi oba okusiiga langi .

• Obutabeera na bifo bya buwuka oba obutali bwenkanya ku ngulu .

• Okumaliriza okutambula obutasalako mu bitundu ebijjanjabiddwa .

2. Okuziyiza okukulukuta:

• Ayisa ebyetaagisa mu kukebera omunnyo mu ngeri ey’omutindo .

• eraga nti tewali kabonero konna ka oxidation mu bunnyogovu .

• Ekuuma eby’okwekuuma mu mbeera eya bulijjo .

Weetegereze: Okulondoola n’okutereeza ensonga zino buli kiseera kikakasa nti omutindo gw’obutaba na passivation tegukyukakyuka.

Omutindo gw’amakolero n’ebiragiro .

Omutindo gw’amakolero gukakasa omutindo gw’obutabeera na passivation obutakyukakyuka mu mbeera ez’enjawulo ez’okukola. Ebiragiro bino biwa ebiragiro ebikwata ku kufuga enkola, enkola z’okugezesa, n’emisingi gy’okukkiriza.

Omutindo gwa ASTM Okulaba .

ASTM A967 .

Omutindo guno ogw’enjawulo gutegeeza enkola z’okukola eddagala (chemical passivation treatments) ku bitundu by’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse.

Ebikulu ebiteekeddwawo mulimu:

• Enkola ttaano ez’enjawulo ez’okujjanjaba asidi za nitric ezituukiriza ebyetaago eby’enjawulo eby’okukozesa .

• Enkola ssatu eza citric acid passivation ezituukiridde ku bbugumu ery’enjawulo .

• Ebiragiro ebikwata ku kugezesa mu bujjuvu okukakasa obulungi bw’obutakola passivation mu nkola ez’enjawulo .

• Emisingi egy’enjawulo egy’okukkiriza nga gyesigamiziddwa ku nteekateeka z’okukozesa ebitundu ezigendereddwa .

Enkola z’obujjanjabi Omulongooti:

Enkola ekika	ebbugumu range	concentration	Obudde obutono .
Nitric 1 .	120-130°F .	20-25% .	eddakiika 20 .
Nitric 2 .	70-90°F .	20-45% .	eddakiika 30 .
citric 1 .	140-160°F .	4-10% .	eddakiika 4 .
Citric 2 .	120-140°F .	4-10% .	eddakiika 10 .

ASTM A380 .

Omutindo guno guteekawo enkola z’okuyonja, okuggyamu abantu ssente mu ngeri ey’omusingi, n’okuziyiza okukola emirimu egy’obutakola.

Ebitundu ebikulu:

1. ebyetaago ebikwata ku nteekateeka y’okungulu mu bujjuvu okukakasa ebiva mu kukola passivation ebisinga obulungi .

2. specific solution composition guidelines for ebipimo eby’enjawulo eby’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse .

3. Enkola y’okufuga enkola nga zikuuma omutindo gw’obujjanjabi ogukwatagana .

4. Enkola z’okugezesa ezijjuvu Okukakasa obulungi bw’obujjanjabi .

ASTM F86 .

Omutindo ogw’enjawulo nga gussa essira ku kukozesa ebyuma eby’obujjanjabi.

Ebitundu ebikulu ebitunuuliddwa:

• Ebisaanyizo ebikakali ebyetaagisa okutuukiriza ebikwata ku makolero g’ebyobujjanjabi .

• Enhanced process control parameters Okukakasa emitendera gy'okukwatagana n'ebiramu .

• Enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okukebera okukakasa embeera z’obusawo ez’okungulu

• Ebyetaago by’ebiwandiiko ebiwagira ebyetaago by’okugoberera amateeka .

Omutindo gw'amakolero ogw'enjawulo .

AMS 2700 .

Aerospace material specification okulaga ebyetaago by’okukola passivation.

Enkola Ensengeka:

• Enkola 1: Enkola za Nitric Acid ez’ennono .

• Enkola 2: Enzijanjaba za citric acid ezitakwatagana na butonde .

• Ebyetaago by’okugezesa nga byesigamiziddwa ku nkola ez’enjawulo ez’omu bbanga .

• Ebipimo by’okulondoola omutindo okukakasa ebivaamu ebikwatagana .

Ebika by’obujjanjabi: Ekika 1: Ebbugumu eritali ddene Nitric Acid Ekika 2: Ekika kya Nitric Acid eky’ebbugumu erya wakati Ekika 3: Ebbugumu eringi Nitric Acid Ekika 4: Enkola ez’enjawulo ez’ebyuma ebikola emirimu egy’eddembe

QQ-P-35 Enkulaakulana .

Mu kusooka yali ya magye, kati yasikira AMS 2700.

Amakulu g’ebyafaayo:

• Ebipimo by’okukola passivation eby’omusingi ebiteereddwawo .

• Okukwata ku nkulaakulana y’omutindo oguliwo kati .

• Eweereddwa omusingi gw’enkola z’okugezesa ez’omulembe .

• Enkola etondeddwawo ey'ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku nkola .

BS EN 2516 .

Omutindo gwa Bulaaya nga gussa essira ku kukozesa eby’omu bbanga.

Ensengeka z’enkola:

1. Ekibiina C1: Ebigezo ebikaluba n’okukaluba mu nkuba .

2. Ekibiina C2: custom high-performance alloys .

3. Class C3: Ebyuma ebingi ebirina ekirungo kya chromium martensitic .

4. Ekibiina C4: Ebigezo bya Standard Martensitic ne Ferritic .

ISO 16048 .

Omutindo gw’ensi yonna ogussaawo ebisaanyizo by’ensi yonna eby’obutakola.

Ebintu ebikulu:

• Enkola z’okugezesa ez’ensi yonna ezikwatagana .

• Standardized enkola okufuga parameters .

• Emisingi gy’okukkiriza abantu bonna .

• Ebyetaago by'ebiwandiiko by'ensi yonna .

Ekitabo ky’okulonda eky’omutindo .

Lowooza ku nsonga zino ng’olonda emitendera egy’okukozesebwa:

.	Omutindo gw’okukozesa Omutindo	gw’Okuwagira Omutindo gw’Okukozesa
Bya busawo	ASTM F86 .	ASTM A967 .
Ebyuma by'omu bbanga .	AMS 2700 .	BS EN 2516 .
Amakolero aga bulijjo .	ASTM A967 .	ASTM A380 .
Mawanga magatte	ISO 16048 .	Omutindo gw’ebitundu .

Ebyetaago by’okussa mu nkola .

Ensonga enkulu eziyinza okutuuka ku buwanguzi mu kugoberera emitendera:

1. Enkola z’okuwandiika ebiwandiiko:

• Detailed Process Control Records Okulondoola ebipimo byonna eby'obujjanjabi .

• Ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku kugezesa okujjuvu Okukakasa obulungi bw’okukola passivation .

• Ebiwandiiko by’okupima bulijjo okukakasa obutuufu bw’okupima .

• Okulondoola ebintu ebijjuvu Okukuuma omutindo gw’okulondoola omutindo .

2. Okulondoola omutindo:

• Okukakasa enkola buli kiseera okukakasa ebiva mu bujjanjabi obutakyukakyuka .

• Enteekateeka z’okutendeka abakozi nga zikuuma emitendera gy’obusobozi mu by’ekikugu .

• Enteekateeka z’okuddaabiriza ebyuma okukakasa nti zikola bulungi .

• Ebiragiro by’okwekenneenya eby’okugonjoola Ebiragiro ebikakasa ebyetaago by’obutonde bw’eddagala .

Weetegereze: ebyetaago by’omutindo bikulaakulana buli kiseera. Okuddamu okwetegereza buli kiseera kukakasa nti olina okugoberera amateeka.

Okugezesa n'okukakasa passivation .

Okukebera okutuufu kukakasa obujjanjabi obulungi obw’okukola passivation. Enkola z’okugezesa eziwera ziwa okukakasa okujjuvu okw’omutindo gw’obukuumi obw’okungulu.

Okukebera okulaba .

Okukebera omutindo okusooka kutandika nga tuyita mu kwekebejja n’obwegendereza.

Ebifo ebikulu eby’okukebera:

• Kungulu kulabika nga kuyonjo, nga kwa kimu, era nga tekuliimu langi oba okusiiga langi .

• Tewali bifo bya buzaale ebirabika biraga nti ekyuma kiggyibwawo bulungi ku bwereere .

• Okubulawo etching eraga ebipimo ebituufu eby’okulongoosa eddagala .

• Okumaliriza ku ngulu okutambula obulungi mu bitundu byonna ebijjanjabiddwa .

Okugezesa okunnyika amazzi .

Omusingi gw’okugezesa .

Ekigezo kino ekikulu kiraga ebitundu ebitaliiko kye bikola ku mazzi amayonjo, nga biraga obucaafu.

Omutendero

1. Ebigezo biyonja bulungi nga tonnatandika nkola ya kunnyika .

2. Immerse samples mu mazzi agafumbiddwa okumala essaawa ezitakka wansi wa 24 .

3. Kuuma ebbugumu ly’amazzi mu mbeera y’ekisenge (68-72°F) .

4. Londoola embeera y’okungulu mu kiseera kyonna eky’okugezesa .

Okwekenenya ebivuddemu .

• Pass: Tewali bifo bya buzaale birabika mu kiseera ky’okubikkulwa essaawa 24

• Okulemererwa: Okutondebwa kw'obusagwa kiraga obutakola nga passivation emala .

• Borderline: Okusiiga amabala amatono kyetaagisa okwongera okunoonyereza .

Ekigezo ky'obunnyogovu obungi .

Enkola y’okugezesa .

Okugezesa Sample performance wansi w’embeera y’obunnyogovu obuyitiridde.

parameter .	kwa	Okugumiikiriza
Ebbugumu	95°F .	±3°F .
Obunyogovu	100% .	-0% .
Ebbanga	Ssaawa 24 .	+0/-Essaawa 1 .

Ebipimo by’okwekenneenya .

• Ekkirizibwa: Tewali kukulukuta okulabika oluvannyuma lw’okubikkulwa .

• Tekikkirizibwa: Okutondebwa kw’obusagwa oba okuvunda ku ngulu .

• Monitor: Enkyukakyuka ku ngulu ezeetaaga okugezesebwa okulala .

Okugezesa okufuuyira omunnyo .

Emisingi emikulu .

Okukebera okukulukuta okw’amangu nga tukozesa okulaga omunnyo.

okugezesa parameters

Ekigonjoolwa: 5% NacLemperature: 95°F (35°C) Obudde: essaawa 2-48 Enkola y’okufuuyira: egenda mu maaso

Okukebera enkola y’emirimu .

1. Wandiika okutondebwa kwonna okw’okukulukuta mu kiseera ky’okugezesa .

2. Okupima obunene bw’okuvunda ku ngulu oluvannyuma lw’okubikkula .

3. Geraageranya ebivuddemu okusinziira ku mutindo gw'okukkiriza .

4. Okuwandiika obujulizi obulaga ebivudde mu kukebera .

Okugezesa ekikomo sulfate .

Enkola Okulambika .

Okukebera amangu okuzuula obucaafu bw’ekyuma eky’obwereere.

Emitendera gy’okukola .

• Siiga ekiziyiza kya sulfate eky’ekikomo ku ngulu .

• Kuuma obunnyogovu okumala eddakiika mukaaga .

• Weetegereze okutondebwa kwonna okw’ekikomo .

• Ebivudde mu kukebera ebiwandiiko mu bwangu .

Okuvvuunula ebivuddemu .

• Pass: Tewali bifo bya kikomo birabika .

• Okulemererwa: Okukuba ekikomo ekirabika kubaawo .

• Teba kituufu: okugezesa kungulu kulaga okutaataaganyizibwa .

Okugezesa amasannyalaze .

Potentiodynamic polarization .

Okugezesa okw’omulembe kuwa ebikwata ku kuziyiza okukulukuta mu bujjuvu:

• Ebipimo obusobozi obw’okukulukuta obw’amazima obw’ebitundu ebijjanjabiddwa .

• Esalawo Enkola y’okumenya layer etali ya passive .

• Ezuula emitendera gy’okusobola okukwatibwa .

• Okubala omuwendo gw’obukuumi okutwalira awamu .

Impedance spectroscopy .

Enkola eno ey’omulembe eraga nti:

1. Enkyukakyuka z’obuwanvu bw’oluwuzi olutaliiko passive mu bitundu ebirongooseddwa .

2. okusiiga okutebenkera wansi w’embeera ez’enjawulo ez’obutonde .

3. Okuteebereza enkola y’obukuumi obw’ekiseera ekiwanvu .

4. Ebikwata ku buziyiza ku ngulu mu bujjuvu .

Okussa mu nkola okulondoola omutindo .

Ebintu ebikulu .

Okukakasa omutindo kyetaagisa:

• Enteekateeka y'okugezesa buli kiseera okussa mu nkola mu bitundu byonna eby'okufulumya .

• Enkola eziwandiikiddwa okukakasa enkola ezitakyukakyuka ez’okwekenneenya .

• Ebyuma ebipimiddwa nga bikuuma obutuufu okupima .

• Abakozi abatendeke nga bakola enkola z’okugezesa ezituufu .

Ebyetaago by’ebiwandiiko .

Okukuuma ebiwandiiko bya:

1. Ebivudde mu kukebera byonna ebiraga ebipimo by’obulungi bw’obutakola passivation .

2. Ebyuma Ebipima Okukakasa Emitendera gy'Okugezesa Obutuufu .

3. Enkola y’okufuga enkola eraga obutakyukakyuka mu bujjanjabi .

4. Ebikolwa ebitereeza ebikwata ku bigezo byonna ebiremeddwa .

Enkola Ennungi .

Ebintu ebivaamu obuwanguzi mulimu:

• Enkola z’okugezesa eziwera nga ziwa okukakasa okujjuvu .

• Okutendeka abakozi buli kiseera okukakasa enkola entuufu ey’okugezesa .

• Okukuuma ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku mutindo mu bujjuvu ebiwandiiko eby’omutindo .

• Okulongoosa obutasalako okusinziira ku bivudde mu kukebera .

Weetegereze: Okulonda okugezesa kusinziira ku byetaago ebitongole eby’okukozesa n’omutindo gw’amakolero.

Okugezesa frequency guide

okufulumya volume	minimum testing frequency	Enkola ezisemba .
Volume entono .	Buli Batch .	Okulaba + Okunnyika amazzi .
Volume eya wakati .	Buli lunaku	waggulu + ekigezo ky'obunnyogovu .
Volume enkulu .	buli ssifiiti .	Ebigezo byonna eby'omutindo .
Ebitundu Ebikulu Ebikulu .	Okukebera 100% .	Ebigezo byonna + eby’amasannyalaze .

Okugonjoola ebizibu Ensonga z'okukola passivation .

Obuwanguzi obutakola (passivation) bwetaaga okufaayo ennyo ku parameters z’enkola. Okutegeera ensonga eza bulijjo kiyamba okukuuma omutindo ogukwatagana.

Okwekenenya ebizibu ebitera okubaawo .

Ensonga z'okuteekateeka kungulu .

Ebivudde mu kwoza obubi bivaako ebizibu ebingi:

1. Amafuta agasigaddewo gaziyiza okukwatagana kwa asidi agamu okubuna ebitundu ebikola .

2. Embedded iron particles zireeta okukulukuta mu kitundu ku bitundu ebiwedde .

3. Ebitereke bya minzaani bitaataaganya okutondebwa kwa layeri okutambula obulungi .

4. Ebifunfugu by’okukola bikola ebiva mu kulongoosa ku ngulu okutali kwa bwenkanya .

Enkola Okulemererwa Okulemererwa

Parameter	Issue	Impact	Solution .
Ekipimo kya asidi .	Wansi nnyo .	Obutaba na passivation obutajjuvu .	Kakasa okussa ebirowoozo ku kintu buli lunaku .
Ebbugumu	Ekitakwatagana .	Obujjanjabi obutali bumu .	Okuteeka enkola y'okulondoola .
Obudde bw'okunnyika .	Tekimala .	layer etali ya passive enafu .	Okussa mu nkola okufuga obudde .
Kemistry y'okunaaba .	Obujama .	flash attack risk .	Okwekenenya eky’okugonjoola buli kiseera .

Okutegeera okulemererwa .

Ebiraga ebifaananyi .

Obubonero obutera okubaawo mu kulemererwa okukola passivation mulimu:

• Okukyuka kwa langi ku ngulu kulaga enkola ezitali ntuufu ez’eddagala .

• Ebifo ebirimu obusagwa biraga nti ekyuma tekimala kuggyawo kyuma kya bwereere

• Ebitundu ebiwandiikiddwako biraga nti asidi ayitiridde .

• Endabika etali ya bwenkanya eraga obutakwatagana mu nkola .

Okugezesa okulemererwa .

Ensonga enkulu ez’okugezesa:

1. Okugezesa okunnyika mu mazzi okulaga okutondebwa kw’obusagwa nga bukyali .

2. Okubikkulwa kw’obunnyogovu obungi nga kulaga ebituli mu kukuuma kungulu .

3. Okugezesa okufuuyira omunnyo nga kulaga obutaziyiza kukulukuta okumala .

4. Ekikomo sulfate okugezesa okuzuula ekyuma ekisigadde eky’obwereere .

Okwekenenya ekivaako ekikolo .

Enkyukakyuka mu nkola .

Ensonga enkulu ezeetaaga okunoonyereza:

okufuga ebbugumu: - operating range: 70-160°F - Monitoring Frequency: Hourly - Calibration: Weekly - Ebiwandiiko: Buli batchsolution management: - Okukebera okussa: buli lunaku - Okugezesa obucaafu: buli wiiki - Enteekateeka y'okukyusa: buli mwezi - Okukakasa omutindo: Buli batch

Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu byuma .

Ensonga ezikwata ku byuma eza bulijjo:

1. Enkola ezifuga ebbugumu zikuuma embeera z’okulongoosa ezitakwatagana .

2. Enkola z’okusengejja zisobozesa okuzimba obucaafu mu ttanka z’okugonjoola .

3. Okutabulatabula ebyuma biwa entambula y’okugonjoola okutamala mu kiseera ky’obujjanjabi .

4. Enkola z'okuteeka 'racking' zikola ebitundu by'okukwatagana ebitali bigere .

Ebikolwa ebitereeza .

Okuddamu okw’amangu .

Okukola ku nsonga ez’amangu ng’oyita mu:

• Okukyusa eky’okugonjoola amangu nga emitendera gy’obucaafu gisukka ekkomo .

• Ennongoosereza mu kufuga ebbugumu mu bwangu nga ekuuma embeera ezisinga obulungi .

• Enkyukakyuka mu nkola y’okuyonja amangu okukakasa nti okuteekateeka obulungi kungulu .

• Okussa mu nkola amangu enkola z’enkola ezirongooseddwa .

Ebigonjoolwa eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu .

Okussa mu nkola ennongoosereza mu ngeri ey’olubeerera:

1. Enhanced Process Monitoring Systems Okulondoola ebipimo ebikulu obutasalako .

2. Enkola z’okufuga mu ngeri ey’otoma nga zikuuma embeera z’okukola ezitakyukakyuka .

3. Enteekateeka z’okuddaabiriza ezirongooseddwa eziziyiza ensonga ezikwata ku byuma .

4. Enteekateeka z’okutendeka abakozi ezipya nga zikakasa emitendera emituufu .

Enkola eziziyiza .

Ebifuga enkola .

Emitendera egy’okuziyiza egyetaagisa:

• Okwekenenya eky’okugonjoola ekizibu kino bulijjo:

• Okukebera buli wiiki kukakasa nti eddagala lituufu .

• Okukebera obucaafu buli mwezi kulemesa ensonga z'omutindo .

• quarterly complete bath analysis ekakasa okutebenkera kw'enkola .

• Okuddamu okwetegereza enkola buli mwaka kuzuula emikisa gy’okulongoosa .

• Okulabirira ebyuma:

• Okukebera okupima buli lunaku Kuuma okufuga ebbugumu okutuufu .

• Okwoza buli wiiki kutangira okuzimba obucaafu .

• Okukebera enkola buli mwezi kuzuula ensonga eziyinza okubaawo .

• Semi-annual major maintenance ekakasa omulimu ogusinga obulungi .

Enkola Ennungi Okussa mu nkola .

Ebipimo by’okukakasa omutindo:

1. Ebyetaago by’okutendeka abakozi:

• Okusooka okuweebwa satifikeeti okukakasa okumanya okutuufu okumanya .

• Okulongoosa buli kiseera nga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu nkola .

• Okutendekebwa mu kugonjoola ebizibu mu ngeri ey’enjawulo nga kukola ku nsonga eza bulijjo .

• Okutendekebwa mu biwandiiko Okukuuma ebiwandiiko ebituufu .

2. Ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku nkola:

• Enkola z’emirimu mu bujjuvu ezilungamya emirimu gya buli lunaku .

• Ebifo ebikeberebwamu omutindo Okukakasa okugoberera enkola .

• Enteekateeka z’okuddaabiriza Okukakasa okwesigamizibwa kw’ebyuma .

• Ebizibu ebigonjoola ebizibu ebikwata ku nsonga z’omutindo .

Okulondoola omutindo .

Okukuuma okufuga enkola okuyita mu:

okulondoola point	frequency	action level	response .
Ebbugumu	buli ssaawa .	±5°F .	Okutereeza amangu .
Okussa ebirowoozo ku kintu ekimu .	Buli lunaku	±2% .	Okutereeza eky’okugonjoola .
Obujama .	buli wiiki .	SET Ekkomo .	Okukyusa ekinabiro .
Omutindo gw’okungulu .	Buli Batch .	Omutindo .	Okuddamu okwetegereza enkola .

Weetegereze: Okulondoola buli kiseera kiziyiza ensonga ezisinga okukozesebwa mu kukola passivation.

Okubumbako

Passivation kikulu nnyo okukuuma obuwangaazi n’okuziyiza okukulukuta kw’ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse. Nga tuggyawo obucaafu n’okutumbula layeri ya chromium oxide ekuuma, oku passivation entuufu kukakasa nti ekyuma ekitali kizimbulukuse kikola mu ngeri eyesigika mu kukozesebwa okukulu.

Enkulaakulana mu nkola za passivation, omuli okukola otoma n’omutindo ogulongooseddwa, zifuula enkola eno okuba ey’obukuumi era nga terimu butonde. Enkulaakulana zino era zongera ku nsaasaanya y’ensimbi, ekiyamba okukozesa ebyuma ebitali bimenyamenya mu makolero agasaba omulimu ogw’amaanyi n’okuwangaala.