Uruhushya rwo gusudira rufite uruhare rukomeye mu gutsinda kw'ibitambo cyangwa umushinga w'ubwubatsi. Aya masano, yakozwe mukwinyanya ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi byicyuma, menya imbaraga, kuramba, no muri rusange imiterere yubusurwe.
Muri ubu buyobozi bwuzuye, tuzamwita muburyo butanu bwibanze bwumugaragaro: butt, tee, inguni, lap, hamwe nimpande. Mugusobanukirwa ibiranga hamwe nibisabwa kuri buri bwoko bwihuriro, uzaba ufite ibikoresho byiza kugirango uhitemo uburyo bukwiye kubintu byawe byihariye. Noneho, waba urusadiwe cyangwa ngo utangire, twifatanye natwe mugihe dushakisha isi yose kandi dusohoze amabanga kugirango dutere imbaraga zikomeye, byizewe buri gihe!
Ni izihe ngingo zisundwa kandi kuki ari ngombwa?
Inshingano zo gusudira ni ihuza ryakozwe mugihe ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi byicyuma bihujwe hamwe binyuze muburyo bwo gusudira. Izi ngingo ningirakamaro muguhitamo imbaraga, ubuziranenge, no muri rusange ubusugire bwuburyo busukuye. Reka dusuzume neza impamvu ingingo zisukuye ari ngombwa cyane:
1. Imbaraga : Ubwoko bwo gusudira bukoreshwa bugira ingaruka kuburyo bwo guhuza neza. Guhitamo igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye cyemeza ko imiterere isudira ishobora guhangana nimbaraga nudutera bizakorerwa mubikorwa byateganijwe.
2. Ubuziranenge : Igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye kandi cyimucwa kigira uruhare mubwiza rusange bwa Weld. Ihuriro ryateguwe neza kandi risukuye rizagira inenge nkeya, ingendo nziza, no kunoza uburyo bwiza ugereranije na petrifoni yateguwe cyangwa byakozwe.
3. Kuramba : Guhitamo guhuriza hamwe bigira ingaruka kumatura ndende yuburyo busukuye. Muguhitamo ubwoko buhuriweho bukwiye kubisabwa nibikoresho, urashobora kwemeza ko ihuza risuye rizakomeza gukomera kandi ryizewe mugihe.
Mugihe uhitamo ubwoko butanga urubwishingizi kumushinga wawe, hari ibintu byinshi byingenzi tugomba gusuzuma:
l Ubunini bwambaye : Ubunini bwibikoresho bifatanya bizahindura guhitamo ubwoko buhuriweho. Ibikoresho bibyimbye birashobora gusaba groove gusudira cyangwa guhuza byuzuye, mugihe ibikoresho byoroheje birashobora kwinjizwa neza hamwe na Wellet Welds cyangwa ingingo.
Gusaba : Reba imikoreshereze yagenewe hamwe nibisabwa byimiterere yubusurwe. Ubwoko bumwe buhuriweho bukwiranye nubushobozi runaka, nkibintu byibikoresho byimiti yihatirwa cyangwa tee ingingo zumutungo wicyuma.
LESTABILE : Kugera ku gace gahuriweho birashobora guhinduranya guhitamo. Niba ingingo igoye kugera cyangwa ifite umwanya muto wo gusudira, ubwoko bumwe buhuriweho, nkinsangani cyangwa impande zombi, birashobora kuba ingirakamaro kurusha izindi.
l Igiciro kandi imikorere : Igishushanyo gihuriweho gishobora kugira ingaruka kuri rusange no gukora neza. Ubwoko bumwe bwihuse busaba kwitegura cyane, koresha ibikoresho byuzuzanya, cyangwa gufata umwanya munini kugirango urubukuru kurusha abandi. Suzuma ibi bintu mugihe uhitamo ubwoko buhuriweho kugirango uhindure umusaruro no gukora neza.
Ubwoko 5 bwibanze bwingingo zisumbuye
Butt
Ikibuno gihuriweho nimwe muburyo busanzwe kandi bworoshye bwo gusudira. Yashinzwe iyo ibice bibiri byicyuma bishyirwa ku-kuruhande no gusudira hamwe, gukora itandukaniro ridafite ubudodo kandi riringaniye. Uruhushya rukoreshwa cyane muri porogaramu zitandukanye, harimo:
l umuyoboro no gusudira
Lice ibyuma byubaka
urupapuro rwicyuma
kubaka ibikoresho byo kubaka
Ihuriro rya Butt rishobora gushyiraho dukoresheje ubundi buryo butandukanye, bitewe nubunini bwibikoresho bifatanya kandi imbaraga zisumba. Itandukaniro risanzwe cyane ririmo:
1. Square Squove
2. V-groove
3. Bevel Groove
4. U-Groove
5. J-Groove
Kugirango ugere ku rugero rurerure rwibibu, suzuma inama zikurikira:
l kwemeza guhuza neza no guhuza impande zihuriweho kugirango ugabanye icyuho no kunesha.
l Hitamo iboneza rikwiye rishingiye ku bunini bwibintu nimbaraga.
Koresha umurongo ushyigikiwe cyangwa ukoreshwa mubice mugihe bibaye ngombwa kugirango ugere ku mpera zuzuye kandi wirinde gutwika.
Gukomeza gutanga ibipimo byo gusudira, nka aMperage, voltage, numuvuduko wingendo, muri gahunda yo gusudira.
ndusha ahantu hamwe mbere yo gusudira kugirango ukureho ibyo wanduye bishobora kugira ingaruka kubyemewe.
Tee
Tee hamwe, cyangwa T-puint, iremwa mugihe igice kimwe cyicyuma kiri perpendicular kurindi, igira ishusho ya 't '. Inkombe yumurimo umwe ihebuje hejuru yundi. Tee ingingo zizwi kubwimbaraga zabo zubukanishi, cyane cyane iyo zisukuye kumpande zombi. Bakoreshwa cyane muri porogaramu zitandukanye, harimo:
Lice ibyuma byubaka
l Ibikoresho byo gukora
l umuyoboro no gusudira
Tee ingingo nyinshi zisaba kwitegura guhuza kandi byoroshye gusudira mugihe tekinike nibipimo bikwiye. Impande zihuriweho zirashobora gusigara zidakijwe, cyangwa zirashobora gutegurwa no gukata, gufata, cyangwa gusya. Igishushanyo mbonera cya Tee Ingingo zirimo:
1. Angle Angle: Iyo usudira dee dode
2. Ubunini bwambaye: Niba gusudira isukura ibyuma bitangaje, bibanda cyane kurutonde rwibindi ku gice cyiza cyo guhuza neza.
Ubwoko butandukanye busutswe hamwe ninkunga birashobora gukoreshwa mumarira hamwe, nka:
L Fillet Welds
l Bel groove wels
L j-Groove Welds
Gucomeka
L flare-groove welds
shosha -binyuze mu gusudira
Iyo usudira injene, ni ngombwa kugirango ushire uruhande rumwe kuruhande rumwe ruzahangayikishwa cyangwa umutwaro. Gusudira impande zombi zifatanije birashobora gutanga imbaraga nifasha gukumira kunanirwa. Tee ingingo zirahumeka kandi zishobora gusudiramo imyanya itandukanye, harimo igorofa, itambitse, vertical, no hejuru.
Ikibazo kimwe gishobora kuba hamwe na tee ingingo za mugitondo na lamellar zijugunya, zirashobora kubaho kubera kwifata. Ibi birashobora guterwa no gukoresha uburyo buhebuje bwo gusudira, ushinga amashyi, cyangwa kuvura ibishushanyo nyuma yubushyuhe nkuko bikenewe.
Lap
Igice cya lapte cyashinzwe iyo cict ebyiri zuzuyeho, zikora ingingo aho agace gasukuye uherereye hagati yubuso bubiri. Ubu bwoko bwingingo ni ingirakamaro cyane mugihe icyarimwe icyarimwe, nkuko iboneza urubyaro ritanga isano ikomeye tutagomba kwitegura.
Ibiranga ibyingenzi ninyungu zingingo zingingo zirimo:
l Ibisobanuro birengagiza bituma yinjira mubyifuzo bitandukanye
l bisaba kwitegura guhuza, kuzigama igihe n'umutungo
l itanga ubuso bunini bwo gusudira, kuzamura imbaraga zihuriweho
tanga guhinduka muburyo bwo gusudira na tekinike
Inyandiko zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu nganda zinyuranye, nka:
1. Urupapuro rwicyuma
2. Inteko yumubiri wumubiri
3. Gusana no gufata neza
4. Trailer na kontineri gukora
Gukora ingingo ya lap, ibice bibiri byicyuma bihagaze kugirango bahuze neza numubare wihariye, ugenwa nubwinshi bwibikoresho bifatanya. Ubuso burenze bugomba kuba bufite isuku kandi butarimo umwanda kugirango tumenye neza weld.
Uburyo bwinshi bwo gusudira burashobora guhabwa akazi kugirango ukore ingingo zingingo, bitewe na porogaramu yihariye kandi bifuza ibintu bifatika:
L Fillet Welds
l plug welds
Ahantu heza
l Bel groove wels
Mugihe utegura kandi usudira ingingo zinyemezabuguzi, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ubuso burenzeho bumaze guhuza neza kandi bikwiranye no kugabanya icyuho ninzego zitanga. Ingano yo guhuzagurika igomba gusuzumwa neza, nkibisobanuro bidahagije birashobora kuganisha ku kintu gikomeye, mugihe kirenze urugero gishobora kuvamo uburemere bwongeweho nibiciro byibiciro.
Inguni
Ihuriro ry'inguni ryakozwe mugihe ibice bibiri byicyuma binjiye ku mpande rusange 90, zikora iboneza rya L. Izi ngingo zirasa ningingo za Tee ariko ziratandukanye mugushira aho abakozi bakora. Imfuruka ifatanye ikunze gukoreshwa mu guhimba amakadiri, agasanduku, hamwe nibyuma bitandukanye.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwinguni:
1. Fungura inguni ingingo : Muri ubu bwoko bwihuriro, impande z'akazi zombi zahujwe mu mfuruka zabo, zikora ikibero gifite V-SUBOVE. Ibi bituma habaho kugerwaho neza no gusudira byoroshye, cyane cyane iyo bakorana nibikoresho binini.
2. Ifunze mfuruka : Inguni ifunze ikozwe mugihe inkombe yumukozi umwe yazanwe mumaso yundi, gukora inguni ikomeye, ifunze. Ubu bwoko bwihuriro bukwiye kubikoresho byoroheje kandi bitanga isuku, hagaragara uburyo bushimishije.
Guhitamo hagati yumuyaga ufunguye kandi ufunze biterwa nibintu byinshi, nkububyimba bwibikoresho, imbaraga zifuzwa zihuriweho, hamwe nibisabwa.
Imfuruka zifatika zikoreshwa cyane munganda zikurikira:
urupapuro rwicyuma
Lvac Duct
l Imodoka yumubiri
L Frace Kubaka
Ubwoko butandukanye bwo gusudira burashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ingingo zingingo, bitewe nuburyo buhuriweho nimbaraga zifuzwa:
L Fillet Welds
L v-groove Welds
L EDD
Ahantu heza
L Inguni-Flange Wels
L j-Groove Welds
L u-groove Welds
LED -Groove Welds
l flare-v-groove Welds
L Square-Groove Welds
Iyo kuvugurura inguni, ni ngombwa kugirango umenye neza neza no guhuza abakozi kugirango bagabanye kugoreka no gukomeza inguni wifuza. Guteganima, kuvura uruhinja nyuma yo kuvura, no gusudira neza birashobora kandi gufasha gukumira ibibazo nko guturika cyangwa kurwana.
Inkombe
Ihuriro ryimpande ni ubwoko bwo gusudira butanga igihe impande zombi zicyuma zihujwe kandi zisudikurwa hamwe. Ubwoko bwihuriro burangwa nuruhande-kuruhande rwakazi, hamwe nimpande zabo zikoraho cyangwa gutandukana gato, bitewe nuburyo bwihariye bwo gusaba no gutangara.
Ingingo zisanzwe zikoreshwa muguhimba inzego zitandukanye nibigize, nka:
1. Urupapuro ruto
2. Plate Girders na Breams
3. Imiterere
4. Tank na Vassl
Guhindura ingingo zerekana mubushobozi bwabo bwo guhuzwa nubunini butandukanye hamwe nibisabwa gusudira ukoresheje imyiteguro itandukanye. Iyi myiteguro ikubiyemo guhindura impande z'akazi kugirango ukore umwirondoro wihariye wa Groove, ushobora guhindura imbaraga, kwinjira, no muri rusange ubwiza buhebuje.
Imyiteguro isanzwe yimyiteguro yingingo zirimo:
L Square Square: Uburyo bworoshye bwo gufata ingingo, aho impande z'akazi zisigaye aringaniye na kare. Iyi myiteguro ikoreshwa kenshi kubikoresho byoroheje cyangwa mugihe umurongo ushyigikiwe ukoreshwa.
l v
l Bevel Groove: Bisa na v-groove, ariko imwe gusa yo kumpande zakazi zikaba, zirema umwirondoro wa asingmetrical.
L J-Groove: G-SUBOVE SFOVE ishyirwaho no guhuza impande kare kumurimo umwe hamwe na radiyo cyangwa radiyo kuruhande. Iyi myiteguro ikoreshwa muburyo bwihariye cyangwa mugihe hakenewe umurongo winyuma.
l u-groove: Groove u-shusho yakozwe na chamferding byombi byimikorere hamwe numwirondoro ugoramye cyangwa radiyo, utanga urusaku rwinshi.
Guhitamo kwitegura kuruhande biterwa nibintu nkibintu byumubiri, imbaraga zishaje, hamwe nuburyo bwo gusudira bukoreshwa.
Uburyo bwinshi bwo gusudira burashobora gukoreshwa kugirango tureme ingingo, buri kimwe hamwe nibyiza nibitekerezo:
1. Groove Welds: Ubuhanga busanzwe kumutwe, urugamba rushingiye kubitsa kubitsa ibyuma byuzuye muri groove yateguwe hagati yabakozi. Ubwoko bwihariye bwa groove
2. Inguni ya flange Inguni ya Flange irm zitanga imbaraga nimbaraga zinshi.
3. Ed Slange Welds: Bisa na Corner Flange Welds, urudoko rwa Slande rukoreshwa mugihe impande zakazi zijimye cyangwa zinamye, ariko flanges zishingiye ku cyerekezo kimwe, zikora hejuru cyangwa ubuso bubi.
Iyo usudikanye ingingo, ni ngombwa kugirango ugabanye neza kandi ushireho ibikorwa kugirango ugabanye icyuho kandi wirinde uruziga. Gukoresha Welds, Gukora, cyangwa ibihembo byihariye birashobora gufasha kubungabunga ihuza ryifuzwa muri gahunda yo gusudira.
Inama zo Guhitamo Iburyo Bwiza Igishushanyo
Guhitamo Iburyo Bwiza Igishushanyo ningirakamaro kugirango ugaragaze imbaraga, kuramba, no gutsinda muri rusange umushinga wawe usukura. Hamwe nibintu byinshi ugomba gusuzuma, birashobora kuba byinshi kugirango umenye ubwoko bwiza kuri porogaramu yawe yihariye.
Gufasha koroshya inzira yo gufata ibyemezo, Hano hari inama zingenzi zo kuzirikana mugihe uhitamo igishushanyo mbonera:
1. Suzuma ubugari bwibintu no kugerwaho hamwe :
a. Ubunini bwibikoresho bifatanya bigira uruhare runini muguhitamo ubwoko buhuje hamwe.
b. Ibikoresho byijimye birashobora gusaba guswera gusudira cyangwa guhuriza hamwe byinjira, mugihe ibikoresho byoroheje birashobora gusudira neza ukoresheje uruzitiro cyangwa ingingo.
c. Byongeye kandi, tekereza ku buryo bwo kugera ahantu hamwe - ubwoko bumwe, nk'inguni cyangwa impande zombi, birashobora koroha gusudira ahantu hafunganye cyangwa ahantu hakomeye.
2. Sobanukirwa n'ibisabwa n'imbaraga n'ibikenewe byuzuye :
a. Suzuma intego igenewe hamwe nibisabwa kugirango ubone imiterere yawe yasu agaciro.
b. Ese guhuriza hamwe bizakorerwa guhangayika, ingaruka, cyangwa umunaniro?
c. Ubwoko bumwe hamwe, nkubwicanyi bwuzuye buturuka, gutanga imbaraga zisumba izindi ugereranije nabandi.
d. Witondere guhitamo igishushanyo mbonera gishobora kwihanganira imitwaro iteganijwe no guhangayikishwa nubuzima bwimiterere.
3. Tekereza ku isura ya nyuma na heesthetics :
a. Muri porogaramu zimwe, isura yasutswe irasuye ni ingenzi nkimbaraga zayo.
b. Niba isura isukuye, idafite akamaro irakenewe, urashobora guhitamo ihuriro ryibintu bifatika hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo gutegura no kurangiza tekinike.
c. Kurundi ruhande, niba ingingo izahishwa cyangwa isura ntabwo ari impungenge zibanza, lap cyangwa tee ihuriweho zishobora kuba ingirakamaro.
4. Kurikiza kode iboneye, ibipimo, nibikorwa byiza :
a. Mugihe uhitamo igishushanyo mbonera, ni ngombwa gukurikiza kode yo gusudira, ibipimo, cyangwa ibisobanuro kunganda cyangwa umushinga.
b. Aya mabwiriza atanga ibisabwa birambuye kubishushanyo mbonera, kwitegura, no gutangara cyane kugirango umutekano nubunyangamugayo bwimiterere isize.
c. Menyereye ibipimo bijyanye kandi ubakurikire cyane kugirango wirinde ibibazo cyangwa gukora.
5. Baza abanyamwuga b'inararibonye iyo batazi neza :
a. Niba utazi neza igishushanyo mbonera cyiza cya porogaramu yawe yihariye, ntutindiganye gushaka inama kubikorwa byo gusudira inararibonye, nkabagenzuzi basunika amakuru (Cwis), gusudira, cyangwa abirondazi.
b. Barashobora gutanga ubushishozi nibisabwa bishingiye kubumenyi bwabo nubunararibonye, bigufasha gufata icyemezo neza kandi birinda amakosa ahenze.
Ukurikije aya masomo kandi usuzume witonze ibisabwa byihariye byumushinga wawe usukura, urashobora guhitamo igishushanyo mbonera cyagaciro kiringaniza imbaraga, kugerwaho, inyigisho, no kubahiriza amahame agenga. Wibuke, gufata umwanya wo guhitamo ubwoko bwiburyo bushobora kugukiza igihe cyingenzi, imbaraga, nubutunzi mugihe kirekire, butuma intsinzi no kurambagiza muburyo bwawe busukuye.
Tekinike yo kuzamura umusaruro uhuriweho
Kugirango ugere ku ngingo zikomeye, zizewe, kandi zifite ubuzima bwiza bwo gusudira, ni ngombwa gukoresha tekinike ikwiye mu buryo busuye. Mu kwibanda kubintu byingenzi nko kwitegura hejuru, guhuza, gusudira, no kuvura isi yose, urashobora kongeramo ubuziranenge rusange no gukora ingingo zawe. Hano hari tekinike ikomeye yo kuzirikana:
1. Gusukura neza no kwitegura hejuru mbere yo gusudira :
a. Menya neza ko ubuso busudira busudikurwa ni ubuntu nkingengenge, amavuta, amavuta, cyangwa irangi.
b. Koresha uburyo bukwiye bwo gukora isuku, nko gusya, gusya, cyangwa gukora isuku yimiti, kugirango ukureho umwanda wose ushobora kugira ingaruka kubyemewe.
c. Imyiteguro ikwiye itezimbere neza guhuza kandi kugabanya ibyago byo kwerekana nkuburozi cyangwa kubura fusision.
2. Kugumana ubushishozi bukabije kandi buhuza neza abakozi bakora :
a. Menya neza ko abakozi bakorana bahuye neza kandi bashyizwe hamwe hamwe na icyuho gito.
b. Koresha clamp, imikino, cyangwa gukemura Welds kugirango ukomeze guhuza igihe cyo gusudira.
c. Guhuza neza no guhuza ubufasha bwo kwemeza imyenda yegeranye, bigabanya ibitekerezo byimyitwarire, kandi bigabanye kugoreka.
3. Guhitamo ibipimo bikwiye gusudira kandi bikoreshwa :
a. Hitamo inzira nziza yo gusudira, ibyuma byuzuza, hamwe na gaze yingabo kubikoresho byihariye nibisabwa.
b. Hindura ibipimo byo gusudira nka aMperage, voltage, numuvuduko wingendo kugirango ugere kumwanya wifuzwa hamwe numwirondoro.
c. Gukoresha ibishobora gukoreshwa neza hamwe nibipimo bigabanya ibyago byo gutanga inenge, biteza imbere ubuziranenge, kandi byongera umusaruro.
4. Kugenzura intangarugero no gushyira mubikorwa urukurikirane rukwiye :
a. Gucunga ibipimo byinjizamo ubushyuhe mu guhindura ibipimo byo gusudira no gukoresha uburyo bukwiye bwo gusudira, nko kuboha ibisambano cyangwa kuboha.
b. Shyira mu bikorwa uburyo bukwiye, nko gusubiza inyuma cyangwa gusimbuka gusunduka, kugabanya kugoreka no guhangayika.
c. Kugenzura ibishishwa byinjiza kandi ukoresheje urukurikirane rukwiye rufasha gukomeza ibintu byifuzwa byibikoresho byibanze kandi bigabanye ibyago byo gutanga amakuru ajyanye.
5. Gukoresha Amashuri nyuma yisumbuye nkuko bikenewe :
a. Kora imiti ikenewe nyuma yuburyo, nko gutabara imihangayiko, kuvura ubushyuhe, cyangwa kurangiza hejuru, kugirango utezimbere imitungo no kugaragara neza.
b. Kora uburyo bukwiye bwo kugerageza (NDT), nko kugenzura amashusho, kugerageza kwipimisha, cyangwa ibizamini bya radiyo, kugirango utange ibishoboka byose.
c. Gukoresha Amashuri nyuma yisumbuye bifasha kwemeza ubunyangamugayo nubwiza bwibikorwa bisuye kandi byerekana ibibazo byose bishobora gusaba gusanwa cyangwa gukora.
Mugushyira mubikorwa ubu buhanga buri gihe kandi witondere cyane ibisobanuro, urashobora kunoza cyane ubuziranenge nibikorwa byingingo zawe zisukuye. Wibuke, gushora igihe n'imbaraga muburyo bwo gusudira neza birashobora kugukiza igihe cyingenzi, umutungo, hamwe no kubabara umutwe kumurongo, amaherezo biganisha kumushinga wo gusudira kandi wizewe.
Umwanzuro
Muri ubu buyobozi bwuzuye, twakoresheje ubwoko butanu bwingenzi bwuhuriye hamwe: butt, tee, inguni, lap, na ext. Buri bwoko bwihuriro bufite ibintu byihariye, porogaramu, nibitekerezo byo kugera ku mico n'imbaraga nziza.
Guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gusudira ni ngombwa kugirango tubone ubunyangamugayo n'imikorere yimiterere yawe isezeye. Mugusobanukirwa ibintu birimo guhitamo hamwe, nkibintu byumubiri, ibisabwa biremereye, no kubigeraho, urashobora gufata ibyemezo byumvikane biganisha ku mishinga itangaje.
Ibibazo
Ikibazo: Ni ubuhe buryo bumwe bwo gusudira busanzwe bwo kureba hamwe na buri bwoko?
Igisubizo: Inzego zisanzwe zirimo guhuzagurika, uburozi, no gucika. Gutegura guhuriza hamwe, tekinike yo gusudira, no guhitamo ibipimo birashobora gufasha kubuza ibyo bibazo.
Ikibazo: Ubwoko bwinshi bwo gusudira bushobora guhuzwa mumushinga umwe?
Igisubizo: Yego, ubwoko bwinshi buhuriweho bushobora gukoreshwa mumushinga umwe. Guhitamo biterwa nibisabwa byihariye bya buri kimwe.
Ikibazo: Nibihe bintu byingenzi mugihe uhitamo hagati yuburyo butandukanye?
Igisubizo: Ubunini bwibintu, imbaraga zisukuye, kandi inzira yo gusudira ni ibintu byingenzi. Igishushanyo mbonera cyibasiye insina, guhuza, no muri rusange imikorere ihuriweho.
Ikibazo: Nigute nshobora kumenya niba nkeneye kwinjira byuzuye cyangwa igice?
Igisubizo: Reba ibisabwa bisabwa nibishushanyo mbonera byimiterere isutswe. Uzuza impetamiro yinjira itanga imbaraga ntarengwa, mugihe imyigaragambyo igice irashobora kuba ihagije kubisabwa bike.
