Wigeze wibaza icyampagarika ikiguzi cyo gutemba? Waba ukora ibice ijana cyangwa miriyoni, gusobanukirwa ibintu inyuma yo gutera inshinge ni urufunguzo rwo kongera ingengo yimari yawe. Kuva Mold Igishushanyo mbonera cyibikoresho no kumyenda yumusaruro, reka twive muburyo ushobora kugenzura ibiciro mugihe ukomeza ibisubizo byiza.
Gutera inshinge ni inzira yo gukora ikubiyemo gutera inshinge ibikoresho byashongesheje mold kugirango ukore ibice bifite imiterere nyayo. Iyi nzira irakora muguhuza plastiki cyangwa ikindi kintu, kugoreka muburyo bwakozwe mbere, no kubyemerera gukonja no gushimangira. Numwe mubuhanga bukoreshwa cyane mugukora ibice byinshi bya pulasitike byinshi.
Inzira yo gushimura itumba ikubiyemo ibyiciro byinshi:
Imyiteguro yibintu : pelletwolastique, nka abs cyangwa polypropylene, irashyuha kugeza bashonga.
Icyiciro cyatewe inshinge : Ibikoresho byashongeshejwe bitera ubumuga mu gituba kinini.
Gukonjesha no gukomera : Ibikoresho bikonjesha, bikomeye, kandi bifata imiterere yubutaka.
Gutanga : Igice gikomeye gisohoka kuva kubumba, kurangiza ukwezi kumwe.
Ubumuga : ubutaka nigikoresho cyibanze. Mubisanzwe bikozwe mu ibyuma kandi bigizwe na kabiri-kuruhande rumwe kandi kuruhande B. kuruhande rwibice hejuru yinyuma, mugihe ari kuruhande rwa B ishusho cyangwa imbavu.
Ibikoresho bya Mold : Ibibumba byinshi bikozwe muri aluminium cyangwa ibyuma, bitewe nubunini bwibicuruzwa nibikoresho.
Igishushanyo mbonera : Ibishushanyo mbonera birimo imiyoboro ikonjesha, amacakubiri ya ejector, na sisitemu yo kwiruka kugirango ayobore ibintu.
Imashini yo gusiga : Imashini ikubiyemo indorerwamo yo kugaburira ibikoresho fatizo, ingunguru ishyushye kugirango ishonge, kandi uburyo bwo kurya hydraulic cyangwa amashanyarazi kugirango ashinge plastike.
Ubwoko bw'imashini : Imashini za hydraulic zitanga iramba ryigihe gito kandi zimafaranga yo hepfo, mugihe imashini z'amashanyarazi zitanga neza neza kandi zingufu.
Ibikoresho : Abakozi ba Polypropylene (PP) na Acrylonitrile Styrene (ABS), bakunze gukoreshwa mugushingwa biterwa no guhinduranya no kugarura.
Umusaruro wihuse : Uruziga rumwe rushobora gufata munsi yumunota umwe, bigatuma ari byiza kubikorwa binini.
Guhatira : Mugihe ibiciro byambere byabigenewe biri hejuru, igiciro kuri buri gice gitonyanga cyane hamwe ninshi.
Ubusobanuro buke : Gutemba bitera ibice hamwe no kwihanganira cyane kandi bifite ireme rihamye, tugabana imyanda.
Ibicuruzwa akenshi ni ikiguzi kinini cyo hejuru mugutanga inshinge. Birashobora kuba 3d byacapwe, bikozwe muri aluminium, cyangwa byakozwe na steel. Ibiciro bya Mold biratandukanye bishingiye ku buhanga, ubunini, no guhitamo ibintu:
3D yacapwe ibibumbano : byiza kuri prototyping cyangwa imijwi mike irahagarara, igiciro kuva $ 100 kugeza $ 1.000.
AlUminium molds : Birakwiriye gutanga umusaruro hagati, igura amadolari 2000 kugeza $ 5,000.
Ibyuma : Nibyiza kumusaruro mwinshi, kuva kumadorari 5,000 kugeza 100.000 $.
Ibishushanyo bigoye bishobora gutwara ibiciro. Ibiranga nkibisimba, ingano yibirimo, hamwe ninshuro yo kongera ibikoresho bigoye:
Kunywa no gutegura angles : Ibishushanyo birambuye bisaba ibitambo byateye imbere, byongera ikiguzi.
Ingano yibumba : Ibice binini bikenera ibibumba binini, bihenze cyane.
Customer Molds na Molds zose : Ibikorwa Cyibikoresho bihuye nibisobanuro nyabyo, ariko ibibumba byisi yose birashobora kugabanya ibiciro niba guhuza byemewe.
Mold Ubuzima bwiza buterwa nubunini bwibicuruzwa nibikoresho. Ubudodo-bwinshi bukunze gukenera ibyuma kugirango burambye, mugihe ubunini buke bushobora gukoresha aluminiyumu cyangwa ibyanditswe byanditseho:
Ubunini buke-bumbero : Ubuzima buke, buhendutse kumikorere mito irashira.
Ubudodo bunini bwibumba : Kuramba no kuramba; ibyuma bihitamo gukoreshwa.
Ubwoko bwa Mold | Ikoreshwa ryiza | kubiciro byagereranijwe |
---|---|---|
3D yacapishijwe mold | Umubumbe muto | $ 100 - $ 1.000 |
AlUminium | Umubumbe wo hagati wiruka | $ 2000 - $ 5,000 |
Ibyuma | Umubumbe mwinshi | $ 5,000 - $ 100.000 + |
Imashini zitandukanye zitanga urwego rutandukanye rwuburinganire, umuvuduko, nigiciro:
Imashini z'amashanyarazi : ibisobanuro byinshi, ingufu-ikora neza, ariko amafaranga menshi.
Imashini za hydraulic : Kuramba no gutangaza-gukora neza, ariko ntibisobanutse neza.
Imashini zivanga : Kuvanga byombi, gutanga ibisobanuro no kuramba ariko ku giciro cyo hejuru.
Ibiciro by'imashini biratandukanye:
Umusaruro muto muto : Imashini za desktop zirashobora kugura munsi y $ 10,000.
Umusaruro munini- : Imashini zinganda zirashobora kurenga $ 100.000.
Ubucuruzi bugomba guhitamo niba kugura imashini cyangwa umusaruro wo hanze. Buri buryo bufite ibyiza byayo kandi ibibi:
Umusaruro winzu : kugenzura byinshi hejuru yubuziranenge no kuyobora ibihe, ariko bisaba ishoramari ryinshi.
Gusohora : Igiciro cyo hasi, cyiza kubucuruzi buciriritse, ariko gishobora gutuma tugenzurwa neza kurwego rwumusaruro nigihe.
Ubwoko bwimashini | bukoresha neza | ikiguzi cyagereranijwe |
---|---|---|
Imashini ya desktop | Umubumbe muto | <$ 10,000 |
Imashini yinganda | Umubumbe mwinshi | $ 50.000 - $ 200.000 + |
Guhitamo ibikoresho bigira ingaruka kuburyo bugaragara. THE.Moplastics akunze gukoreshwa muburyo bwo gushinyarwa, kandi buriwese afite imitungo idasanzwe nibiciro:
ABS : Kuramba, birushijeho; hafi $ 1.30 kuri kg.
Polypropylene (PP) : Kwihangana, kurwanya imiti; hafi $ 0.90 kuri kg.
Polyethylene (pe) : byoroshye, ingaruka-irwanya; hafi $ 1.20 kuri kg.
Polycarbonate (PC) : gukomera, gusobanuka cyane; bisaba $ 2.30 kuri kg.
Guhitamo ibikoresho byiza biterwa no gusaba. Ikiguzi-kigomba kuringaniza imbaraga, guhinduka, no kurwanya ubushyuhe cyangwa imiti:
Ibikoresho byabigenewe Vs. Igiciro : Ibikoresho byo hasi nka PP birashobora kuba byiza mubice byoroshye, mugihe bihenze nka PC birakenewe kubicuruzwa byinshi.
Ingaruka zinyongera : Filers hamwe ninyongera (nka Copporantts cyangwa UV Stabilizers) Ongera Amafaranga Ibiciro ariko birashobora gusabwa ukurikije ibisobanuro byibicuruzwa.
rwibikoresho biranga | urufunguzo | ibiciro kuri kg |
---|---|---|
ABS | Kuramba, mubwibone | $ 1.30 |
PolyproPylene (pp) | Byoroshye, imiti irwanya imiti | $ 0.90 |
Polyethylene (pe) | Ingaruka Zirwanya ingaruka, zisubirwamo | $ 1.20 |
Polycarbonate (PC) | Birasobanutse neza, bikomeye | $ 2.30 |
Nubwo ibintu byinshi byo gushimura byikora, imirimo iracyafite uruhare. Ibice by'ingenzi aho havuka ibiciro by'imirimo birimo:
Gushiraho ibiciro : Iboneza ryambere kugirango igice runaka.
Ibiciro byo gusana : Kubungabunga no gusimbuza igice kuri mashini na mold.
Ibiciro bikurikira : abakora bagenzura inzira yo gufata, kugirango ibice bikorerwe neza.
Iyo amafaranga yo hanze, imirimo na serivisi itanga amafaranga yongereye ikiguzi cyose. Ibi biciro birimo:
Ubwikorezi na Logistics : Kohereza ibice byarangiye uhereye kubitanga.
Igenzura ryiza : Kugenzura ibice byujuje ubuziranenge, akenshi bisaba amafaranga yinyongera.
Markup : Abatanga serivisi bishyuza gucunga inzira yo kubumba.
Umusaruro muto-Umusaruro wimico bivuga gukora umubare muto, mubisanzwe hagati yibice 100 kugeza 1.000. Bikunze gukoreshwa mugukoresha prototyping cyangwa ibicuruzwa bifatika aho umubare munini udakenewe. Imisaruro mito nigitekerezo cyo kugerageza ibicuruzwa bishya mbere yo gupima.
Ikiguzi cya Mold : Kubuntu-hasi-imikorere, ubucuruzi bukunze gukoresha 3D molds . Ibi nibiciro byigihe gito, mubisanzwe kuva kumadorari 100 kugeza $ 1.000.
Igice cyagenwe : Igiciro kuri buri gice kiri hejuru mumisoro mike kuko ibiciro byabigenewe bikwirakwizwa mubice bike. Kurugero, niba ifu igura ibice 1.000 na 100 bikozwe, buri gice gitera amadorari 10 muburyo bwa mold wenyine.
umusaruro | mold ubwoko bwa | mold | ibiciro kuri buri gice |
---|---|---|---|
100 - ibice 1.000 | 3D yacapishijwe mold | $ 100 - $ 1.000 | Hejuru ($ 4.5 +) |
Umusaruro muto ufite umuco utunganye kugirango prototyping ibishushanyo bishya cyangwa ibicuruzwa bigarukira bikurikirana kwipimisha isoko. Nibyiza kandi kumasosiyete ashaka guhinduka muguhindura ibicuruzwa adafite imibumbe minini.
Umusaruro wo hagati watangajwe mubisanzwe hagati yimyaka 5,000 kugeza 10,000 . Ikubita uburinganire hagati ya prototyping no gukora neza. Uru rwego rwumusaruro nibyiza kubakozi bato-baciriritse bashaka kubyara ibicuruzwa muburyo buke.
Ibiciro bya Mold : Ibibumbo byafashwe byakoreshejwe bikoreshwa mu gutanga umusaruro hagati kuko batanga ibisobanuro byiza hagati yikiguzi no kuramba. Ibibumba bigura hagati ya $ 2000 kugeza $ 5,000.
Mold yambara kandi amarira : Ububiko bwa Aluminium burashobora gukora ibice bigera ku bihumbi byinshi mbere yo kwambara no gutanya gutangira kugira ireme. Iri baramba rifasha kugenzura ibiciro birebire.
utanga umusaruro wa | mold ubwoko bwa | mold | ibiciro kuri buri gice |
---|---|---|---|
5.000 - 10,000 | Imashini ivuza | $ 2000 - $ 5,000 | Guciriritse ($ 3) |
Umusaruro mwinshi uvuga gukora ibihumbi mirongo ibihumbi n'ibihumbi . Ubu ni bwo buryo bwiza cyane bwo gukora umusaruro munini bukora, bwiza ku nganda nk'ibicuruzwa by'Abimurwa.
Icyuma cya Icyuma : Imishinga myinshi isaba ibibumbano , bizwiho kuramba nubushobozi bwo gukora imirongo yasubirwamo. Ibi bicuruzwa bisaba cyane hejuru, kuva $ 5,000 kugeza ku 100.000 $ , ariko bamara igihe kirekire.
Hasi kuri buri gice cyigiciro : Mugihe umuyoboro wumusaruro wiyongereye, igice cyiyongera kigabanuka cyane kuko ibiciro byabigenewe bikwirakwizwa mubihumbi cyangwa miriyoni.
kumusaruro wa | Mold Mold Ubwoko | bwibiciro bya Mold | Igiciro |
---|---|---|---|
Ibice 10,000 | Ibyuma | $ 5,000 - $ 100.000 + | Hasi ($ 1.75) |
Guhitamo imashini : Kubinini-byinshi bikurikirana, guhitamo imashini (amashanyarazi, hybraulic, cyangwa hybrid) birashobora gukora neza nibiciro.
Guhitamo Ibikoresho : Guhitamo ibikoresho byiza bifasha gukomeza kuramba no kugura hasi hejuru yumusaruro munini.
Gushyira mu bikorwa amahame ya DFM birashobora kugabanya cyane ibiciro byo gutunganya ibiciro byoroshya uburyo bworoshye nigice cyigice:
Kurandura ibintu bitari ngombwa : Kuraho geometries igoye, igabanywa, cyangwa imiterere idakenewe igabanya ubukana bwa mold, igabanya igihe cyo gukora no kugura ibikoresho.
Kworoshya Igishushanyo mbonera : Ibiranga nkibishushanyo mbonera cyangwa intoki zimbere zongera ibiciro. Ibishushanyo byoroheje bigabanya ko hakenewe uburyo bwo guhimbantego cya FLD, bikora ibihembo bihendutse kandi byihuse kubyara.
Ibicuruzwa rusange akenshi ni ikiguzi gihazamuka kububiko bwihariye:
Igihe cyo gukoresha ibumba rusange : Ibibumba byisi yose nibyiza mugihe ibice bifite ibisabwa bisa, bigatuma ifumbire imwe igomba gukoreshwa mumishinga itandukanye.
Kuzigama ibiciro : Ibice byo kwikuramo hamwe nibishushanyo byoroshye birashobora kugabanya cyane gukenera ibibumba byinshi. Mold imwe ya bose irashobora kugabanya ibiciro byo gukuraho ibipimo bikenewe kugirango habeho molds zitandukanye kuri buri gice cyihariye.
Mold Igishushanyo | Inyungu za |
---|---|
Kurandura ibintu bitari ngombwa | Kugabanya ibintu bigoye kandi ikiguzi |
Ibibumba byinshi | Ibikorwa bike, ibiciro byo hasi |
Guhitamo ibikoresho byiza ni urufunguzo rwo kugabanya ibiciro utabangamiye:
Kuringaniza ikiguzi nigikorwa : Ibikoresho nka ABS na Polypropylene bikoreshwa cyane kubera ikiguzi cyabo nibiranga imikorere. ABS igura $ 1.30 kuri kg, mugihe polypropylene ndetse ihendutse kuri $ 0.90 kuri kg.
Mugihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bya premium : kubice bikeneye ubushyuhe bukabije cyangwa kurwanya ingaruka, ibikoresho bihanitse nkibikenewe muri polycarbonate nubwo bikenewe mugihe kinini.
Kugabanya imyanda yibintu birashobora kugabanya ibiciro byinshi:
Kunoza Urukuta rwurukuta : Urukuta rworoshye rugabanya imikoreshereze yibintu bitagira ingaruka kubikorwa, byatanga igishushanyo mbonera.
Gukoresha plastike byasubijwemo : Kumena Plastike byasubiwemo muburyo bwo gukora bigabanya amafaranga yibiciro kandi biteza imbere birambye. Ibikoresho bya recyclestike bitanga ibintu bisa ku giciro cyo hasi.
zihitamo Ibikoresho | Inyungu |
---|---|
Guhitamo ibikoresho byagenwe | Yagabanutse ku giciro |
Plastics | Ibiciro biri hasi, birambye |
Gutanga amajwi yo hejuru afasha gukwirakwiza ibiciro byagenwe mubice byinshi, bigabanya ikiguzi kuri buri gice:
Ibiciro binini byamafaranga yo hasi : Mugihe ingano yumusaruro yiyongera, ibiciro byambere nibiciro byateguwe bikwirakwira mumibare minini, bigatwara ibicuruzwa kuri buri gice.
Kuringaniza umusaruro ukenera : Mugihe umusaruro mwinshi utanga ibiciro byo hasi kuri buri gice, ni ngombwa kuringaniza Umubumbe wa SAMAD hamwe nibisabwa nyabyo kugirango wirinde ibiciro byabatumizwa bitari ngombwa.
Guhuza imishinga isa birashobora kumara imbaraga:
Gukwirakwiza ibiciro byagenwe : Guteranya imishinga mito myinshi muburyo bumwe birashobora gufasha gukwirakwiza mold no gushiraho ibiciro byinshi mubice byinshi. Ibi biragira akamaro cyane kumasosiyete gucunga imirongo myinshi yibicuruzwa.
Kuzigama | Ibiciro |
---|---|
Kongera ingano yumusaruro | Kugabanuka ku giciro kuri buri gice binyuze mubukungu |
Batching Imishinga isa | Gukwirakwiza ibiciro byagenwe mubice byinshi |
3D yacapwe ibibumbabikorwa nigiciro cyiza-cyiza kumusaruro muto ugenda cyangwa prototyping:
Imikorere ngufi hamwe na prototyping : 3d Gucapa birashobora gutanga ibibumbe byihuse kandi byihuse kubikorwa bigufi, kurambagiza ibishoboka byose mugihe cyimiterere ya prototyping mugihe cyicyiciro cya prototyping.
Inyungu zihenze : Igiciro cya 3D cyanditse kiri munsi yubutaka gakondo cyangwa ibyuma bivuye kuri $ 1.000 kugeza $ 1.000 , bigatuma bitanga umusaruro wihuse hamwe nigisaruro gito.
Mugihe 3D yacapye ibishushanyo bitanga amafaranga yo kuzigama ibiciro, nabo baza bafite aho bagarukira:
Kuramba : 3D yacapwe ibishushanyo ntabwo biramba nkibitaka byicyuma, bituma bidakwiriye umusaruro mwinshi.
Kugarukira ku bishushanyo byoroshye : Ibishushanyo bigoye birashobora gusaba ubumuga bwuzuye bwa cnc kugirango bumve neza kandi birambye.
3d yacapwe | inyungu zimbaraga hamwe nimbogamizi |
---|---|
Inyungu | Igiciro gito, umusaruro wihuse kubikorwa bigufi |
Imipaka | Kuramba gato, ibishushanyo byoroshye gusa |
Kugereranya ibiciro byo gusiga byangiza birashobora kuba bigoye, ariko ibikoresho byinshi kumurongo byorohereza inzira. Ibi bikoresho bikoresha inyongera nkibipimo byingenzi, ibikoresho, bifite imbaraga, nibinini byumusaruro kugirango utange ibigereranyo.
Ibikoresho byinshi byibiciro birashobora kugufasha kubara amafaranga yawe yashizweho:
Gufumbire : Iki gikoresho cyemerera abakoresha kwinjiza ibice bitandukanye kugirango babone ibigereranyo byihuse. Numukoresha-urugwiro kandi itanga gusenyuka kw'ibikoresho, kubumba, no kugura umusaruro.
Protolabs : Azwi kuri Prototyping Prototyping, protolabs itanga calculatrice itanga amagambo asobanutse ashingiye ku mbuto hamwe no guhitamo ibikoresho. Biradufasha cyane cyane kubashaka kubona ibice byihuse.
Icomold : Iki kigereranyo gitanga amagambo arambuye ashingiye kuri Cad Modeli, yemerera abakoresha kohereza ibishushanyo no kwakira ibitekerezo ako kanya. Nibyiza kumishinga igoye ikeneye isesengura ryukuri.
ibikoresho | Ibiranga |
---|---|
Gukururwa | Ikigereranyo cyihuse kubikoresho, kubumba, umurimo |
Protolabs | Amagambo ako kanya, Amahitamo ya Rapid Prototyping |
Icomold | Amagambo-ashingiye kubijyanye nigice kitoroshye |
Umaze gukoresha calculatrike yo kugereranya kugirango ubone ikigereranyo, kugera kuri serivisi itanga quiter irashobora kuguha ishusho nziza yamafaranga nyayo.
Iyo usuzumye amagambo avuye ku batanga ibicuruzwa, ni ngombwa kwitondera ibintu byinshi:
Gushiraho Amafaranga : Abatanga ibicuruzwa bamwe bishyuza amafaranga yinyongera kubitegura imashini cyangwa kwitegura mold.
Ibihe byateganijwe : Shakisha ibihe bifatika bihuye nigihe cyumushinga wawe. Serivisi zihuse zikunze kuza kuri premium.
Ingwate nziza : Menya neza ko utanga serivisi zemeza igice, harimo kwihanganira, kurangiza, no kumenya neza ukuri.
Kuganira kubiciro byiza birashobora kugabanya ibiciro byawe muri rusange:
BUNDLE YAMATEGEKO : Guhuza imishinga myinshi muburyo bumwe bunini burashobora gufasha gukwirakwiza ibiciro byagenwe, biguha ibiciro byigice.
Saba Amagambo menshi : Kubona amagambo yavuye mubatanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bigufasha kugereranya ibiciro no kuganira.
Ibihe byoroshye : Niba ufite igihe ntarengwa cyoroshye, urashobora kuganira ku biciro byo hasi wemerera uwatanze guhuza gahunda yawe muri gahunda yabo.
Ibintu by'ingenzi ugomba gusuzuma | impamvu ntacyo bitwaye |
---|---|
Gushiraho Amafaranga | Bigira ingaruka ku biciro bya UPFROT |
Ibihe | Ingaruka Umushinga Igihe |
Ingwate nziza | Kwemeza ubwoko buhamye |
INAMA | Ifasha amafaranga make binyuze mumashanyarazi cyangwa igihe ntarengwa |
Igiciro cyo gusiga cyatewe nibintu byinshi byingenzi, harimo igishushanyo mbonera cya mold nibikoresho byo gutoranya ibikoresho , bigura ingano , yumusaruro , hamwe namafaranga akoreshwa mubikorwa . Kugirango ugabanye amafaranga yo gushingwa ntagomwe, ni ngombwa gusaba amahame yo gukora (DFM) , hitamo ibikoresho byiza-bifatika , no kunoza Umusaruro. Gukoresha ibibumba byose cyangwa 3D byacapwe kubumba buke, no guhuza imishinga yo kongera imikorere, nabyo ni inzira nziza zo gukomeza ibiciro.
Niba utegura umushinga wo kwibikwa, tekereza gufatanya na Team Mfg. Kugirango ubone inama nyinshi zidasobanutse cyangwa ibishushanyo bigoye, Menyesha Serivisi zumwuga kugirango ubone ubuyobozi bwinzobere kandi utezimbere ibikorwa byawe.
Ni ubuhe buryo busanzwe bwo guhagarika ibikoresho byo gushushanya?
Ububiko buke bworoshye: $ 2000 - $ 25,000
Hagati yo hagati: $ 25.000 - $ 100.000
Ingeso mbi: $ 100.000 - $ 1.000.000 +
Nigute ingano yumusaruro igira ingaruka kubiciro bya buri gice?
Umubumbe wo hejuru muri rusange muri rusange amafaranga
Urugero: Ibice 1.000 birashobora gutwara amadorari 10 / igice, mugihe ibice 100.000 bishobora guta $ 1 / igice
Nibihe bintu bikonje cyane kugirango bibe inshinge?
Polypropylene (pp) akenshi ihendutse
Abs itanga impirimbanyi nziza yikiguzi nigikorwa
Guhitamo Ibikoresho Biterwa nibisabwa byihariye
Ni bangahe 3d yacapwe ibicuruzwa bizigama ku biciro bya prototyping?
Mubisanzwe 50-90% ugereranije nubutaka bwuzuye
Byiza kubunini buke (<ibice 100) nibitekerezo byihuse
Ni iki kiruhuko - ndetse n'ingingo yo mu nzu n'imisaruro yo hanze?
Biratandukanye cyane kubice bitandukanye nubunini
Amategeko rusange: Mu-nzu ihinduka igiciro gitanga ibiciro ku bice 10,000+ buri mwaka
Ni kangahe imyanda kandi abiruka bongereye ibiciro muri rusange?
Irashobora kubara kuri 5-15% yibiciro byose
Sisitemu yo kwiruka ishyushye irashobora kugabanya imyanda ahubwo yongere ibiciro byakazi
Ni izihe ngaruka zihenze kubishushanyo mbonera?
Ibice byoroshye birashobora kugura 25-50% kugirango umusaruro urenze umwe
Buri kintu cyinyongera (munsi, imiterere, nibindi) byongera ibidukikije hamwe numusaruro
Ikipe mfg ni sosiyete ikora byihuse muri Odm na Oem itangira muri 2015.